Update gradient logic for Qiskit Rust circuit data implementation (backport #188)

[mergify]

Summary

Fixes #181

This updates internals of the gradients which more directly manipulated circuit data the way it was when it was managed in Python. The Rust implementation is changing things to be more performant but things are also different so this changes the logic to try accommodate as things are currently done, which is what is in Qiskit stable releases at present, and the new Rust implementation which is presently in main branch of Qsikit repo. #181 notes the aspect of CI which is failing is when we test against main which was done to monitor for any problems here due to changes.

This has partially fixed things but there is another aspect, that I failed to notice/note in #181 that also occurs

      File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.18/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages/qiskit/circuit/parameterexpression.py", line 418, in __float__
    raise TypeError(

    TypeError: ParameterExpression with unbound parameters (dict_keys([Parameter(__gθ0)])) cannot be cast to a float.

which has not been addressed at present.

Details and comments

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This is an automatic backport of pull request #188 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 10319035735

Details

• 20 of 23 (86.96%) changed or added relevant lines in 3 files are covered.
• No unchanged relevant lines lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.02%) to 90.485%

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Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
qiskit_algorithms/gradients/reverse/derive_circuit.py	16	19	84.21%

Totals
Change from base Build 10020949524:	0.02%
Covered Lines:	6362
Relevant Lines:	7031

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💛 - Coveralls