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--- | ||
name: Bug report | ||
about: Create a report to help us improve | ||
title: '' | ||
labels: '' | ||
assignees: '' | ||
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--- | ||
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**Describe the bug** | ||
A clear and concise description of what the bug is. | ||
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**To Reproduce** | ||
Steps to reproduce the behavior: | ||
1. Go to '...' | ||
2. Click on '....' | ||
3. Scroll down to '....' | ||
4. See error | ||
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**Expected behavior** | ||
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen. | ||
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**Screenshots** | ||
If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem. | ||
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**Desktop (please complete the following information):** | ||
- OS: [e.g. iOS] | ||
- Browser [e.g. chrome, safari] | ||
- Version [e.g. 22] | ||
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**Smartphone (please complete the following information):** | ||
- Device: [e.g. iPhone6] | ||
- OS: [e.g. iOS8.1] | ||
- Browser [e.g. stock browser, safari] | ||
- Version [e.g. 22] | ||
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**Additional context** | ||
Add any other context about the problem here. |
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--- | ||
name: Custom issue template | ||
about: Describe this issue template's purpose here. | ||
title: '' | ||
labels: '' | ||
assignees: '' | ||
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--- | ||
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--- | ||
name: Feature request | ||
about: Suggest an idea for this project | ||
title: '' | ||
labels: '' | ||
assignees: '' | ||
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--- | ||
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**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.** | ||
A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...] | ||
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**Describe the solution you'd like** | ||
A clear and concise description of what you want to happen. | ||
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**Describe alternatives you've considered** | ||
A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered. | ||
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**Additional context** | ||
Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here. |
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.DS_Store | ||
docs/ | ||
rdevguide.rds | ||
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# temp files | ||
*~ |
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# Translations | ||
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This chapter covers internationalization in R, i.e., the display of messages in languages other than English. All | ||
output in R (such as messages emitted by `stop()`, `warning()`, or `message()`) is eligible for translation, as | ||
are menu labels in the GUI. Depending on the version of R that you are using, some of the languages might already | ||
be available while others may need work. R leverages the [`gettext`](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/) program | ||
to handle the conversion from English to arbitrary target languages. | ||
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Having messages available in other languages can be an important bridge for R learners not confident in English -- | ||
rather than learning two things at once (coding in R and processing diagnostic information in English), they can | ||
focus on coding while getting more natural errors/warnings in their native tongue. | ||
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The [`gettext` manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/index.html) is a more canonical reference for a | ||
deep understanding of how `gettext` works. This chapter will just give a broad overview, with particular focus on | ||
how things work for R, with the goal of making it as low-friction as possible for developers and users to contribute | ||
new/updated translations. | ||
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## How translations work | ||
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Each of the default packages distributed with R (i.e., those found in `./src/library` such as `base`, `utils`, | ||
and `stats` and which have priority base) contains a `po` directory that is the central location for cataloguing/translating each package's | ||
messages. | ||
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### `.pot` files | ||
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The `.pot` file is a snapshot of the messages available in a given **domain**. A domain in R typically identifies | ||
a source package and a source language (either R or C/C++). For example, the file `R-stats.pot` | ||
(found in the R sources in `./src/library/stats/po`) is a catalogue of all messages produced by R code in the | ||
`base` package, while `stats.pot` is a catalogue of all messages produced by C code in the `stats` package. | ||
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There are two exceptions to the basic pattern described above. The first is the domain for messages produced by | ||
the C code which is the fundamental backing of R itself (especially, but not exclusively, the C code under | ||
./src/main). The associated `.pot` file is `R.pot` and it is found in `./src/library/base/po`. `R-base.pot` is a | ||
normal `.pot` file because base has a normal `R` directory. | ||
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The second is the domain for the Windows R GUI, i.e., the text in the menus and elsewhere in the R GUI program | ||
available for running R on Windows. These messages are stored in the `RGui.pot` domain, also in the `po` | ||
directory for `base`, and are most commonly derived from C code found in `./src/gnuwin32`. One reason to keep | ||
this domain separate is that it is only relevant to one platform (Windows). In particular, Windows has historically | ||
different character encodings, so that it made more sense for Windows developers to produce translations specifically for Windows, since it is non-trivial for non-Windows users to test their translations for the Windows GUI. | ||
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#### Generating `.pot` files | ||
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For outside contributors, there's no need to update .pot files -- translators will typically take the R `.pot` files | ||
as given and generate `.po` files. These will be sent along to a language-specific translation maintainer, who then | ||
compiles them to send to the R Core developer responsible for translations, who finally applies them as a patch. | ||
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To emphasize, this section is almost always not needed for contributing translations -- it is here for | ||
completeness and edification. | ||
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### `.po` files | ||
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.po files are the most important artifacts for translators. They provide the (human-readable!) mapping between | ||
the messages as they appear in the source code and how the messages will appear to users in translated locales. | ||
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#### Singular messages | ||
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Most messages appear as `msgid`/`msgstr` pairs. The former gives the message as it appears in the code, while the | ||
latter shows how it should appear in translation. For example, here is an error in German (locale: `de`) informing | ||
the user that their input must be of class `POSIXt` | ||
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``` | ||
msgid "'to' must be a \"POSIXt\" object" | ||
msgstr "'to' muss ein \"POSIXt\" Objekt sein" | ||
``` | ||
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See this in context in the [`R-de.po` source file](https://svn.r-project.org/R/trunk/src/library/base/po/R-de.po). | ||
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The same message can also be found in | ||
[`R-it.po`](https://svn.r-project.org/R/trunk/src/library/base/po/R-it.po) | ||
giving the translation to Italian: | ||
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``` | ||
msgid "'to' must be a \"POSIXt\" object" | ||
msgstr "'to' dev'essere un oggetto \"POSIXt\"" | ||
``` | ||
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#### Plural messages | ||
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Some messages will have different translations depending on some input determined at run time (e.g., the `length()` of | ||
an input object or the `nrow()` of a `data.frame`). This presents a challenge for translation, because different languages | ||
have different rules for how to pluralize different ordinal | ||
numbers[^See the [relevant section](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/Plural-forms.html) of the `gettext` manual]. | ||
For example, English typically adds `s` to any quantity of items besides 1 (1 dog, 2 dog`s`, 100 dog`s`, even 0 dog`s`). | ||
Chinese typically does not alter the word itself in similar situations (一只狗, 两只狗, 一百只狗, 零只狗); Arabic has _six_ | ||
different ways to pluralize a quantity. | ||
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In `.po` files, this shows up in the form of `msgid_plural` entries, followed by several ordered `msgstr` entries. Here's an example from | ||
[`R-de.po`](https://github.com/r-devel/r-svn/blob/c715d61cb74b3fee2d035faed9b258e86e420b75/src/library/base/po/R-de.po#L2015-L2018): | ||
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``` | ||
msgid "Warning message:\n" | ||
msgid_plural "Warning messages:\n" | ||
msgstr[0] "Warnmeldung:\n" | ||
msgstr[1] "Warnmeldungen:\n" | ||
``` | ||
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The two entries in English correspond to the singular and plural messages; the two entries in German correspond similarly, because | ||
pluralization rules in German are similar to those in English. The situation in Lithuanian | ||
([`R-lt.po`](https://github.com/r-devel/r-svn/blob/c715d61cb74b3fee2d035faed9b258e86e420b75/src/library/base/po/R-lt.po#L1999-L2003)) | ||
is more divergent: | ||
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``` | ||
msgid "Warning message:\n" | ||
msgid_plural "Warning messages:\n" | ||
msgstr[0] "Įspėjantis pranešimas:\n" | ||
msgstr[1] "Įspėjantys pranešimai:\n" | ||
msgstr[2] "Įspėjančių pranešimų:\n" | ||
``` | ||
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This corresponds to the 3 different ways to pluralize words in Polish. | ||
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What do `0`, `1`, and `2` correspond to, exactly? Ideally, this will be clear to native speakers of the language, but for | ||
clarity, it is the solution to a small arithmetic problem that can be found in the language's metadata entry. Look for the | ||
`Plural-Forms` entry in the metadata at the top of the `.po` file; | ||
[here it is for Lithuanian](https://github.com/r-devel/r-svn/blob/c715d61cb74b3fee2d035faed9b258e86e420b75/src/library/base/po/R-lt.po#L18-L19): | ||
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``` | ||
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && (n" | ||
"%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" | ||
``` | ||
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`nplurals` tells us how many entries correspond to each `msgid_plural` for this language. `plural` tells us, for the | ||
quantity `n`, which entry to use. The arithmetic is C code; most important if you really want to parse this and are only | ||
familiar with R code is C's [ternary operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F:): `test ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse` | ||
is a handy way to write R's `if (test) valueIfTrue else valueIfFalse`. | ||
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Parsing, we get the following associations: | ||
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- the `0` entry corresponds to when a number equals 1 modulo 10 (i.e., 1, 11, 21, 31, ...) _except_ numbers equaling | ||
11 modulo 100 (i.e., 11, 111, 211, 311, ...). Combining, that's 1, 21, 31, ..., 91, 101, 121, 131, ..., 191, ... | ||
- the `1` entry corresponds to numbers at least 2 modulo 10 (2, 3, ..., 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, ...) and _either_ | ||
below 10 modulo 100 (0, 1, ..., 9, 100, 101, ..., 109, ...) _or_ exceeding 20 modulo 100 (21, 22, ..., 99). Combining, | ||
that's 2, 3, ..., 9, 22, 23, ..., 29, 32, 33, ... 39, ..., 102, 103, ..., 109, 122, 123, ... | ||
- The `2` entry corresponds to all other numbers, i.e. 0, 10, 11, 12, ..., 19, 20, 30, ..., 90, 100, 110, 111, 112, ... | ||
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<!-- TODO(michaelchirico): How to discover a new `nplurals/plural`. --> | ||
<!-- TODO(michaelchirico): sprintf templates (`%s`) and redirections (`%1$s`) --> | ||
<!-- TODO(michaelchirico): fuzzy translations --> | ||
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### `.mo` files | ||
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`.po` files are plain text, but while helpful for human readers, this is inefficient for consumption by computers. | ||
The .mo format is a "compiled" version of the .po file optimized for retrieving messages when R is running. | ||
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In R-devel, the conversion from .po to .mo is done by R Core -- you don't need to compile these files yourself. | ||
They are stored in the R sources at `./src/library/translations/inst` in various language-specific subdirectories. | ||
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## How to contribute new translations | ||
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<!-- TODO(michaelchirico): Creating and editing .po files, testing the translations worked, **encoding**, translation teams, release schedule --> | ||
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## Current status of translations in R | ||
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https://contributor.r-project.org/translations/ | ||
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## Helpful references | ||
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- Statistical terms glossary |
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