[v24.2.x] CORE-6860 SR: Wire up support for ?verbose compatibility checks

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #22877 to branch v24.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-22877-v24.2.x-545
git cherry-pick -x 3771501a369f98f0e9a67dd8e28ee7b7bd047dc5 b27954caf6630fcae4b67b2fa3f2178069e88c81 25fcd5ef0c0807dcbb3b1ebc6043d7636358701c d8bcac608a37c396298957cef557e2716aa4efa1 992a8e7abd1667924f86fbe3b56ccf9afa97e0a9 2825e146adc42045cf54273ef4c447d81809ff16 1e31632169822c381d2276e4210e22af0262b1b4 dcf281c964911a34058215505946ee32d4c98305

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-22877-v24.2.x-545
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] CORE-6860 SR: Wire up support for `?verbose` compatibility checks" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-22877-v24.2.x-545" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/22877 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-6995](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-6995)

[BenPope]

Fixed by #23011