[CORE-8754] Handle new TLS error codes

[michael-redpanda]

Implement changes in Redpanda to handle new TLS error codes added by redpanda-data/seastar#166.

These error codes provide more specificity about why connections failed to establish TLS connections.

When a non TLS connection attempts to connect and send data to a Redpanda
TLS enabled endpoint, OpenSSL may report different error codes depending on
what it sees on the incoming packet:

• ERROR_WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER - reported when OpenSSL inspects the packet expecting to see a known TLS version but the one it sees is unknown. This is distinct to seeing an unsupported version.
• ERROR_HTTP_REQUEST - similar to ERROR_WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER, however in this situation, the packet starts with a known HTTP verb (e.g. GET, or POST, etc).
• ERROR_HTTPS_PROXY_REQUEST - like ERROR_HTTP_REQUEST, however the packet starts with CONNE

Backports Required

• none - not a bug fix
• none - this is a backport
• none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• v24.3.x
• v24.2.x
• v24.1.x

Release Notes

Improvements

• Improved TLS connection related error messages

[vbotbuildovich]

CI test results

test results on build#60527

test_id	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed
rm_stm_tests_rpunit.rm_stm_tests_rpunit	unit	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/60527#01944c4e-2f66-464f-8e00-6b71358e6297	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.partition_reassignments_test.PartitionReassignmentsTest.test_reassignments_kafka_cli	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/60527#01944ca6-a8a6-418c-8027-b4fe017523d2	FLAKY	1/6

[vbotbuildovich]

/backport v24.3.x

[vbotbuildovich]

/backport v24.2.x

[vbotbuildovich]

Failed to create a backport PR to v24.3.x branch. I tried:

git remote add upstream https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda.git
git fetch --all
git checkout -b backport-pr-24749-v24.3.x-598 remotes/upstream/v24.3.x
git cherry-pick -x ad6d50c0bd 0803e0d920

Workflow run logs.

[vbotbuildovich]

Failed to create a backport PR to v24.2.x branch. I tried:

git remote add upstream https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda.git
git fetch --all
git checkout -b backport-pr-24749-v24.2.x-473 remotes/upstream/v24.2.x
git cherry-pick -x ad6d50c0bd 0803e0d920

Workflow run logs.