Next Step

• implement a visualizer to the dot format to see the computational graph

• use free monad to represent the syntax tree

• use recursion scheme makes more senses here

  • understand how recursion scheme can persist tail recursion properties

• defined the algebra of the term

• take a look at paper connecting recursion schemes and neural networks

• explicit pattern matching, no more fail_with

• support secondary greek - gamma - rate of change over delta

• support monte carlo based pricing

• Generate Dot Graph

dune exec -- bin/main.exe | dot -Tpdf > example/bs.pdf

Monte carlo pricer

1. Express the discrete model in time steps
2. a random number generator
3. run the discrete model for a certain time steps to reach expiry time
4. take average of each path - express pay off function
5. discounted to the present value

• merge tag_expr and expr together

• pricing reproducibility - pass the seed as an input
• need to introduce max operation
• need to introduce power operation to reduce the complexity computational graph

Currnet Issue

• Duplication of tag expr
• not support for logical operation
• not support for if-then-else control flow
• Visulization including i.e sub expression

Debug

• the bug is a mistake in the implementation of normal distribution

  • the numerical approximation only works on postive number
  • the leads to the problem
    • how to deal with if then else expression and how to differentiate it
    • differentiate the control flow (automatic?)

• api design

  • functor : 'a Expr -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'b Expr

• use structured note at as an example for hull white 1 factor

Limitation

• lack of automation

Important resources

• Type witness
• Capturing Existential Type
• how to return a GADT
• how to use singleton type

Learn

OCaml Type System

• Polymorphism and its limitations

  • how to rececover gnericity
    • weakly polymorphic type variable - a placeholder for a concrete type that's unknown atm
      • weakly type must be known during the compilation of a compilation unit
      • hence it can be be placed into mli file
      • value restriction
        • if soemthing rely on persistent mutable stats behind the screne, then it should be give a weak type
        • difference between function definition and value definition
      • relaxed value restriction
        • covariant - Functor f - s is a subtype t iff f s is a subtype of f t
        • contravariant
        • scenarios
          • abstrac data types
          • variance types
    • generic polymorphic type variables
    • polymorphic recursion
      • need to introduce a different type variable
        • for every application of the recursive function
    • type variables may or may not be polymorphic
    • understand type checker behaviour
    • A fundmental issue of genericity
      • the type variable are introduced at the start of definitio hence may be uniformed unneccesarily
      • univerally quantified types to rescue
        • no native support in ocaml
        • achieved using universally quantified record fields
          • record fields
          • polynomial type expression

• GADT

  • absence of an explicit polymorphic annotation
    • $App_'b denotes an existential type named by the compiler
    • existential type variable cannot escape its scope

• Existential vs. Universally quantified types

Next Step

• Simplifying the description true to be of
  • type bool - support logical operation
  • type float - support floating point operation
• remove one/zero
• add erf as an operator
• generalise visual to debug intermidate states of computational graphs
• complete support for max/min
  • max/min operator
  • max simply selects the greatest value and ignores the others so max is the identity operation for that one element. Therefore, the gradient can flow backwards through it for just one element.
• support pow operator
• monte carlo pricing
• second order differentiation
• think about how recursion-scheme can come into plays
• deal with bool operation
• add if-then-else
  • looping and branching with Algorithmic Differentiation

Produce Visualization

dune exec -- bin/main.exe > example/dot.txt && cat example/dot.txt | dot -Tpng > $dest_path
dune exec -- bin/main.exe | dot -Tpng > $dest_path