Make compiler connection check timeout user-configurable

[kalzoo]

Description

Closes #1245

• Clearer error messaging when the QPUCompiler or QVMCompiler times out in network calls
• No hard-coded timeout values of 1 second in connection to quilc
• No hard-coded timeout value of 1 second in connection to the translation service (within HTTPCompilerClient)

One downside to these changes is that a user may not have quilc running correctly, and now must wait for the default value of 10 seconds for the error message explaining that the service is not reachable. Given that this is either/or, it seems clearly better to apply the same user-configurable timeout everywhere (as in this PR) than to hard-code it to 1 second (as on master). This way, users can still work with a quilc running under high CPU load.

Checklist

• The above description motivates these changes.
• All new and existing tests pass locally and on Travis CI.
• Parameters and return values have type hints with PEP 484 syntax.
• Functions and classes have useful Sphinx-style docstrings.
• All code follows Black style and obeys flake8 conventions.
• (Bugfix) The associated issue is referenced above using auto-close keywords.
• The changelog is updated, including author and PR number (@username, gh-xxx).