This R package provides a set of functions for measuring similarity among documents and detecting passages which have been reused. It implements shingled n-gram, skip n-gram, and other tokenizers; similarity/dissimilarity functions; pairwise comparisons; minhash and locality sensitive hashing algorithms; and a version of the Smith-Waterman local alignment algorithm suitable for natural language. It is broadly useful for, for example, detecting duplicate documents in a corpus prior to text analysis, or for identifying borrowed passages between texts. The classes provides by this package follow the model of other natural language processing packages for R, especially the NLP and tm packages. (However, this package has no dependency on Java, which should make it easier to install.)
If you use this package for scholarly research, I would appreciate a citation.
citation("textreuse")
#> To cite package 'textreuse' in publications use:
#>
#> Li Y, Mullen L (2024). _textreuse: Detect Text Reuse and Document
#> Similarity_. https://docs.ropensci.org/textreuse,
#> https://github.com/ropensci/textreuse.
#>
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#>
#> @Manual{,
#> title = {textreuse: Detect Text Reuse and Document Similarity},
#> author = {Yaoxiang Li and Lincoln Mullen},
#> year = {2024},
#> note = {https://docs.ropensci.org/textreuse,
#> https://github.com/ropensci/textreuse},
#> }
To install this package from CRAN:
install.packages("textreuse")
To install the development version from GitHub, use devtools.
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("ropensci/textreuse", build_vignettes = TRUE)
There are three main approaches that one may take when using this package: pairwise comparisons, minhashing/locality sensitive hashing, and extracting matching passages through text alignment.
See the introductory vignette for a description of the classes provided by this package.
vignette("textreuse-introduction", package = "textreuse")
In this example we will load a tiny corpus of three documents. These documents are drawn from Kellen Funk’s research into the propagation of legal codes of civil procedure in the nineteenth-century United States.
library(textreuse)
dir <- system.file("extdata/legal", package = "textreuse")
corpus <- TextReuseCorpus(dir = dir, meta = list(title = "Civil procedure"),
tokenizer = tokenize_ngrams, n = 7)
We have loaded the three documents into a corpus, which involves tokenizing the text and hashing the tokens. We can inspect the corpus as a whole or the individual documents that make it up.
corpus
#> TextReuseCorpus
#> Number of documents: 3
#> hash_func : hash_string
#> title : Civil procedure
#> tokenizer : tokenize_ngrams
names(corpus)
#> [1] "ca1851-match" "ca1851-nomatch" "ny1850-match"
corpus[["ca1851-match"]]
#> TextReuseTextDocument
#> file : C:/Users/bach/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpecFDvh/temp_libpath4c4124c4b59/textreuse/extdata/legal/ca1851-match.txt
#> hash_func : hash_string
#> id : ca1851-match
#> minhash_func :
#> tokenizer : tokenize_ngrams
#> content : § 4. Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party
#> in interest, except as otherwise provided in this Act.
#>
#> § 5. In the case of an assignment of a thing in action, the action by
#> the as
Now we can compare each of the documents to one another. The
pairwise_compare() function applies a comparison function (in this
case, jaccard_similarity()) to every pair of documents. The result is
a matrix of scores. As we would expect, some documents are similar and
others are not.
comparisons <- pairwise_compare(corpus, jaccard_similarity)
comparisons
#> ca1851-match ca1851-nomatch ny1850-match
#> ca1851-match NA 0 0.3842549
#> ca1851-nomatch NA NA 0.0000000
#> ny1850-match NA NA NA
We can convert that matrix to a data frame of pairs and scores if we prefer.
pairwise_candidates(comparisons)
#> # A tibble: 3 × 3
#> a b score
#> * <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 ca1851-match ca1851-nomatch 0
#> 2 ca1851-match ny1850-match 0.384
#> 3 ca1851-nomatch ny1850-match 0
See the pairwise vignette for a fuller description.
vignette("textreuse-pairwise", package = "textreuse")
Pairwise comparisons can be very time-consuming because they grow geometrically with the size of the corpus. (A corpus with 10 documents would require at least 45 comparisons; a corpus with 100 documents would require 4,950 comparisons; a corpus with 1,000 documents would require 499,500 comparisons.) That’s why this package implements the minhash and locality sensitive hashing algorithms, which can detect candidate pairs much faster than pairwise comparisons in corpora of any significant size.
For this example we will load a small corpus of ten documents published by the American Tract Society. We will also create a minhash function, which represents an entire document (regardless of length) by a fixed number of integer hashes. When we create the corpus, the documents will each have a minhash signature.
dir <- system.file("extdata/ats", package = "textreuse")
minhash <- minhash_generator(200, seed = 235)
ats <- TextReuseCorpus(dir = dir,
tokenizer = tokenize_ngrams, n = 5,
minhash_func = minhash)
Now we can calculate potential matches, extract the candidates, and apply a comparison function to just those candidates.
buckets <- lsh(ats, bands = 50, progress = FALSE)
#> Warning: `gather_()` was deprecated in tidyr 1.2.0.
#> ℹ Please use `gather()` instead.
#> ℹ The deprecated feature was likely used in the textreuse package.
#> Please report the issue at <https://github.com/ropensci/textreuse/issues>.
#> This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
#> Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
#> generated.
candidates <- lsh_candidates(buckets)
scores <- lsh_compare(candidates, ats, jaccard_similarity, progress = FALSE)
scores
#> # A tibble: 1 × 3
#> a b score
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 remember00palm remembermeorholy00palm 0.701
For details, see the minhash vignette.
vignette("textreuse-minhash", package = "textreuse")
We can also extract the optimal alignment between to documents with a version of the Smith-Waterman algorithm, used for protein sequence alignment, adapted for natural language. The longest matching substring according to scoring values will be extracted, and variations in the alignment will be marked.
a <- "'How do I know', she asked, 'if this is a good match?'"
b <- "'This is a match', he replied."
align_local(a, b)
#> TextReuse alignment
#> Alignment score: 7
#> Document A:
#> this is a good match
#>
#> Document B:
#> This is a #### match
For details, see the text alignment vignette.
vignette("textreuse-alignment", package = "textreuse")
Loading the corpus and creating tokens benefit from using multiple
cores, if available. (This works only on non-Windows machines.) To use
multiple cores, set options("mc.cores" = 4L), where the number is how
many cores you wish to use.
Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.
Thanks to Noam Ross for his thorough peer review of this package for rOpenSci.
