Optimize string searching using two way search (WIP)

[gereeter]

This changes the previously naive string searching algorithm to a two-way search like glibc, which should be faster on average while still maintaining worst case linear time complexity. This fixes #14107. Note that I don't think this should be merged yet, as this is the only approach to speeding up search I've tried - it's worth considering options like Boyer-Moore or adding a bad character shift table to this. However, the benchmarks look quite good so far:

test str::bench::bench_contains_bad_naive                   ... bench:       290 ns/iter (+/- 12)     from 1309 ns/iter (+/- 36)
test str::bench::bench_contains_equal                       ... bench:       479 ns/iter (+/- 10)     from  137 ns/iter (+/- 2)
test str::bench::bench_contains_short_long                  ... bench:      2844 ns/iter (+/- 105)    from 5473 ns/iter (+/- 14)
test str::bench::bench_contains_short_short                 ... bench:        55 ns/iter (+/- 4)      from   57 ns/iter (+/- 6)

Except for the case specifically designed to be optimal for the naive case (bench_contains_equal), this gets as good or better performance as the previous code.

[huonw]

This is quite a large function, does inlining actually make it faster?

[brson]

We also strongly discourage #[inline(always)] because it is easy to get wrong and make code much worse. This should be changed to #[inline] at the least.

[brson]

But also it should not be inline without evidence.

[lifthrasiir]

I guess the force-inlining attribute is for making two copies of next_inner specialized for longPeriod (otherwise a hot loop will continuously test longPeriod). How about making an explicit macro to produce two copies and removing the attribute?

[huonw]

Both are approaches are essentially equivalent, with equal problems (i.e. the problem with inline(always) is the code bloat it causes (a problem with a macro too), not something specific to the act of inlining).

[gereeter]

@lifthrasiir is correct - I was intending to specialize next_inner on longPeriod. I haven't gotten around to benchmarking the difference yet, but I assumed it was worthwhile given that glibc manually inlines and specializes both this and maximal_suffix (for which I'm using a similar trick). Regardless, I downgraded these to inline from inline(always) while refactoring the code, and it didn't seem to affect performance much - I think that it is inlining anyway, as it can easily see that both functions are only called twice.

[huonw]

This is cool!

How fast is it on the Pride & Prejudice benchmark I used in #14107?

[gereeter]

C:

real    0m0.093s
user    0m0.081s
sys 0m0.012s

Rust:

real    0m0.241s
user    0m0.241s
sys 0m0.000s

This code is far better than before, but it still needs work.