orphan check: rationalize our handling of constants

compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs

@@ -746,7 +746,21 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for OrphanChecker<'tcx> {
         result
     }
 
-    // FIXME: Constants should participate in orphan checking.
+    /// All possible values for a constant parameter already exist
+    /// in the crate defining the trait, so they are always non-local[^1].
+    ///
+    /// Because there's no way to have an impl where the first local
+    /// generic argument is a constant, we also don't have to fail
+    /// the orphan check when encountering a parameter or a generic constant.
+    ///
+    /// This means that we can completely ignore constants during the orphan check.
+    ///
+    /// See `src/test/ui/coherence/const-generics-orphan-check-ok.rs` for examples.
+    ///
+    /// [^1]: This might not hold for function pointers or trait objects in the future.
+    /// As these should be quite rare as const arguments and especially rare as impl
+    /// parameters, allowing uncovered const parameters in impls seems more useful
+    /// than allowing `impl<T> Trait<local_fn_ptr, T> for i32` to compile.
     fn visit_const(&mut self, _c: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
         ControlFlow::CONTINUE
     }

src/test/ui/coherence/auxiliary/trait-with-const-param.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub trait Trait<const N: usize, T> {}

src/test/ui/coherence/const-generics-orphan-check-ok.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// check-pass
+// aux-build:trait-with-const-param.rs
+extern crate trait_with_const_param;
+use trait_with_const_param::*;
+
+// Trivial case, const param after local type.
+struct Local1;
+impl<const N: usize, T> Trait<N, T> for Local1 {}
+
+// Concrete consts behave the same as foreign types,
+// so this also trivially works.
+impl Trait<3, Local1> for i32 {}
+
+// This case isn't as trivial as we would forbid type
+// parameters here, we do allow const parameters though.
+//
+// The reason that type parameters are forbidden for
+// `impl<T> Trait<T, LocalInA> for i32 {}` is that another
+// downstream crate can add `impl<T> Trait<LocalInB, T> for i32`.
+// As these two impls would overlap we forbid any impls which
+// have a type parameter in front of a local type.
+//
+// With const parameters this issue does not exist as there are no
+// constants local to another downstream crate.
+struct Local2;
+impl<const N: usize> Trait<N, Local2> for i32 {}
+
+fn main() {}