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Sched_ext Schedulers and Tools

sched_ext is a Linux kernel feature which enables implementing kernel thread schedulers in BPF and dynamically loading them. This repository contains various scheduler implementations and support utilities.

sched_ext enables safe and rapid iterations of scheduler implementations, thus radically widening the scope of scheduling strategies that can be experimented with and deployed; even in massive and complex production environments.

You can find more information, links to blog posts and recordings, in the wiki. The following are a few highlights of this repository.

  • The scx_layered case study concretely demonstrates the power and benefits of sched_ext.
  • For a high-level but thorough overview of the sched_ext (especially its motivation), please refer to the overview document.
  • For a description of the schedulers shipped with this tree, please refer to the schedulers document.
  • The following video is the scx_rustland scheduler which makes most scheduling decisions in userspace Rust code showing better FPS in terraria while kernel is being compiled. This doesn't mean that scx_rustland is a better scheduler but does demonstrate how safe and easy it is to implement a scheduler which is generally usable and can outperform the default scheduler in certain scenarios.
scx_rustland-terraria.mp4

While the kernel feature is not upstream yet, we believe sched_ext has a reasonable chance of landing upstream in the foreseeable future. Both Meta and Google are fully committed to sched_ext and Meta is in the process of mass production deployment. See (#kernel-feature-status) for more details.

In all example shell commands, $SCX refers to the root of this repository.

Getting Started

All that's necessary for running sched_ext schedulers is a kernel with sched_ext support and the scheduler binaries along with the libraries they depend on. Switching to a sched_ext scheduler is as simple as running a sched_ext binary:

root@test ~# cat /sys/kernel/sched_ext/state /sys/kernel/sched_ext/*/ops 2>/dev/null
disabled
root@test ~# scx_simple
local=1 global=0
local=74 global=15
local=78 global=32
local=82 global=42
local=86 global=54
^Zfish: Job 1, 'scx_simple' has stopped
root@test ~# cat /sys/kernel/sched_ext/state /sys/kernel/sched_ext/*/ops 2>/dev/null
enabled
simple
root@test ~# fg
Send job 1 (scx_simple) to foreground
local=635 global=179
local=696 global=192
^CEXIT: BPF scheduler unregistered

scx_simple is a very simple global vtime scheduler which can behave acceptably on CPUs with a simple topology (single socket and single L3 cache domain).

Above, we switch the whole system to use scx_simple by running the binary, suspend it with ctrl-z to confirm that it's loaded, and then switch back to the kernel default scheduler by terminating the process with ctrl-c. For scx_simple, suspending the scheduler process doesn't affect scheduling behavior because all that the userspace component does is print statistics. This doesn't hold for all schedulers.

In addition to terminating the program, there are two more ways to disable a sched_ext scheduler - sysrq-S and the watchdog timer. Ignoring kernel bugs, the worst damage a sched_ext scheduler can do to a system is starving some threads until the watchdog timer triggers.

As illustrated, once the kernel and binaries are in place, using sched_ext schedulers is straightforward and safe. While developing and building schedulers in this repository isn't complicated either, sched_ext makes use of many new BPF features, some of which require build tools which are newer than what many distros are currently shipping. This should become less of an issue in the future. For the time being, the following custom repositories are provided for select distros.

Install Instructions by Distro

Repository Structure

scx
|-- scheds               : Sched_ext scheduler implementations
|   |-- include          : Shared BPF and user C include files including vmlinux.h
|   |-- c                : Example schedulers - userspace code written C
|   \-- rust             : Example schedulers - userspace code written Rust
\-- rust                 : Rust support code
    \-- scx_utils        : Common utility library for rust schedulers

Build & Install

meson is the main build system but each Rust sub-project is its own self-contained cargo project and can be built and published separately. The followings are the dependencies and version requirements.

Note: Many distros only have earlier versions of meson, in that case just clone the meson repo and call meson.py e.g. /path/to/meson/repo/meson.py compile -C build. Alternatively, use pip e.g. pip install meson or pip install meson --break-system-packages (if needed).

  • meson: >=1.2, build scripts under meson-scripts/ use bash and standard utilities including awk.
  • clang: >=16 required, >=17 recommended
  • libbpf: >=1.2.2 required, >=1.3 recommended (RESIZE_ARRAY support is new in 1.3). It's preferred to link statically against the source from the libbpf git repo, which is cloned during setup.
  • Rust toolchain: >=1.72
  • libelf, libz, libzstd if linking against staic libbpf.a
  • bpftool By default this is cloned and built as part of the default build process. Alternatively it's usually available in linux-tools-common.

The kernel has to be built with the following configuration:

  • CONFIG_BPF=y
  • CONFIG_BPF_EVENTS=y
  • CONFIG_BPF_JIT=y
  • CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y
  • CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y
  • CONFIG_FTRACE=y
  • CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT=y

Setting Up and Building

meson always uses a separate build directory. Running the following commands in the root of the tree builds and installs all schedulers under ~/bin.

Static linking against libbpf (preferred)

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build --prefix ~
$ meson compile -C build
$ meson install -C build

Notes: meson setup will also clone both libbpf and bpftool repos and meson compile will build them both.

Make sure you have dependencies installed that allow you to compile from source!

Ubuntu/Debian
apt install gcc-multilib build-essential libssl-dev llvm lld libelf-dev
Arch Linux
pacman -S base-devel

Static linking against system libbpf

Note, depending on your system configuration libbpf_a and libbpf_h may be in different directories. The system libbpf version needs to match the minimum libbpf version for scx.

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build --prefix ~ -D libbpf_a=/usr/lib64/libbpf.a -D libbpf_h=/usr/include/bpf/
$ meson compile -C build
$ meson install -C build

Dynamic linking against libbpf

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build --prefix ~ -D libbpf_a=disabled
$ meson compile -C build
$ meson install -C build

Using a different bpftool

This will check the system for an installed bpftool

$ meson setup build --prefix ~ -D bpftool=disabled

Using a custom built bpftool

$ meson setup build --prefix ~ -D bpftool=/path/to/bpftool

Note that meson compile step is not strictly necessary as install implies compile. The above also will build debug binaries with optimizations turned off, which is useful for development but they aren't optimized and big. For actual use you want to build release binaries. meson uses -D argument to specify build options. The configuration options can be specified at setup time but can also be changed afterwards and meson will do the right thing. To switch to release builds, run the following in the build directory and then compile and install again.

$ meson configure -Dbuildtype=release

Running meson configure without any argument shows all current build options. For more information on meson arguments and built-in options, please refer to meson --help and its documentation.

Building Specific Schedulers and Binary Locations

If you just want to build a subset of schedulers, you can specify the scheduler names as arguments to meson compile. For example, if we just want to build the simple example scheduler scheds/c/scx_simple and the Rust userspace scheduler scheds/rust/scx_rusty:

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build -Dbuildtype=release
$ meson compile -C build scx_simple scx_rusty

⚠️ If your system has sccache installed: meson automatically uses sccache if available. However, sccache fails in one of the build steps. If you encounter this issue, disable sccache by specifying CC directly - $ CC=clang meson setup build -Dbuildtype=release.

You can also specify -v if you want to see the commands being used:

$ meson compile -C build -v scx_pair

For C userspace schedulers such as the ones under scheds/c, the built binaries are located in the same directory under the build root. For example, here, the scx_simple binary can be found at $SCX/build/scheds/c/scx_simple.

For Rust userspace schedulers such as the ones under scheds/rust, the scx_rusty binary can be found at $SCX/build/scheds/rust/release.

SCX specific build options

While the default options should work in most cases, it may be desirable to override some of the toolchains and dependencies - e.g. to directly use libbpf built from the kernel source tree. The following meson build options can be used in such cases.

  • bpf_clang: clang to use when compiling .bpf.c
  • bpftool: bpftool to use when generating .bpf.skel.h. Set this to "disabled" to check the system for an already installed bpftool
  • libbpf_a: Static libbpf.a to use. Set this to "disabled" to link libbpf dynamically
  • libbpf_h: libbpf header directories, only meaningful with libbpf_a option
  • cargo: cargo to use when building rust sub-projects
  • 'cargo_home': 'CARGO_HOME env to use when invoking cargo'
  • offline: 'Compilation step should not access the internet'
  • enable_rust: 'Enable the build of rust sub-projects'

For example, let's say you want to use bpftool and libbpf shipped in the kernel tree located at $KERNEL. We need to build bpftool in the kernel tree first, set up SCX build with the related options and then build & install.

$ cd $KERNEL
$ make -C tools/bpf/bpftool
$ cd $SCX
$ BPFTOOL=$KERNEL/tools/bpf/bpftool
$ meson setup build -Dbuildtype=release -Dprefix=~/bin \
    -Dbpftool=$BPFTOOL/bpftool \
    -Dlibbpf_a=$BPFTOOL/libbpf/libbpf.a \
    -Dlibbpf_h=$BPFTOOL/libbpf/include
$ meson install -C build

Note that we use libbpf which was produced as a part of bpftool build process rather than buliding libbpf directly. This is necessary because libbpf header files need to be installed for them to be in the expected relative locations.

Offline Compilation

Rust builds automatically download dependencies from crates.io; however, some build environments might not allow internet access requiring all dependencies to be available offline. The fetch target and offline option are provided for such cases.

The following downloads all Rust dependencies into $HOME/cargo-deps.

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build -Dcargo_home=$HOME/cargo-deps
$ meson compile -C build fetch

The following builds the schedulers without accessing the internet. The build directory doesn't have to be the same one. The only requirement is that the cargo_home option points to a directory which contains the content generated from the previous step.

$ cd $SCX
$ meson setup build -Dcargo_home=$HOME/cargo-deps -Doffline=true -Dbuildtype=release
$ meson compile -C build

Working with Rust Sub-projects

Each Rust sub-project is its own self-contained cargo project. When buildng as a part of this repository, meson invokes cargo with the appropriate options and environment variables to sync the build environment. When building separately by running cargo build directly in a sub-project directory, it will automatically figure out build environment. Please take a look at the scx_utils::BpfBuilder documentation for details.

For example, the following builds and runs the scx_rusty scheduler:

$ cd $SCX/scheds/rust/scx_rusty
$ cargo build --release
$ cargo run --release

Here too, the build step is not strictly necessary as it's implied by run.

Note that Rust userspace schedulers are published on crates.io and can be built and installed without cloning this repository as long as the necessary toolchains are available. Simply run:

$ cargo install --locked scx_rusty

and scx_rusty will be built and installed as ~/.cargo/bin/scx_rusty.

Checking scx_stats

With the implementation of scx_stats, schedulers no longer display statistics by default. To display the statistics from the currently running scheduler, a manual user action is required. Below are examples of how to do this.

  • To check the scheduler statistics, use the
scx_SCHEDNAME --monitor $INTERVAL

for example 0.5 - this will print the output every half a second

scx_bpfland --monitor 0.5

Some schedulers may implement different or multiple monitoring options. Refer to --help of each scheduler for details. Most schedulers also accept --stats $INTERVAL to print the statistics directly from the scheduling instance.

Examples

  • scx_bpfland
❯ scx_bpfland --monitor 5
[scx_bpfland] tasks -> run:  3/4  int: 2  wait: 3    | nvcsw: 3    | dispatch -> dir: 0     prio: 73    shr: 9
[scx_bpfland] tasks -> run:  4/4  int: 2  wait: 2    | nvcsw: 3    | dispatch -> dir: 1     prio: 3498  shr: 1385
[scx_bpfland] tasks -> run:  4/4  int: 2  wait: 2    | nvcsw: 3    | dispatch -> dir: 1     prio: 2492  shr: 1311
[scx_bpfland] tasks -> run:  4/4  int: 2  wait: 3    | nvcsw: 3    | dispatch -> dir: 2     prio: 3270  shr: 1748
  • scx_rusty
❯ scx_rusty --monitor 5
###### Thu, 29 Aug 2024 14:42:37 +0200, load balance @  -265.1ms ######
cpu=   0.00 load=    0.17 mig=0 task_err=0 lb_data_err=0 time_used= 0.0ms
tot=     15 sync_prev_idle= 0.00 wsync= 0.00
prev_idle= 0.00 greedy_idle= 0.00 pin= 0.00
dir= 0.00 dir_greedy= 0.00 dir_greedy_far= 0.00
dsq=100.00 greedy_local= 0.00 greedy_xnuma= 0.00
kick_greedy= 0.00 rep= 0.00
dl_clamp=33.33 dl_preset=93.33
slice=20000us
direct_greedy_cpus=f
  kick_greedy_cpus=f
  NODE[00] load=  0.17 imbal=  +0.00 delta=  +0.00
   DOM[00] load=  0.17 imbal=  +0.00 delta=  +0.00
  • scx_lavd
❯ scx_lavd --monitor 5
|       12 |      1292 |         3 |         1 |      8510 |   37.6028 |   2.42068 |  99.1304 |      100 |  62.8907 |      100 |      100 |  62.8907 | performance |          100 |            0 |            0 |
|       13 |      2208 |         3 |         1 |      6142 |   33.3442 |   2.39336 |  98.7626 |      100 |  60.2084 |      100 |      100 |  60.2084 | performance |          100 |            0 |            0 |
|       14 |       941 |         3 |         1 |      5223 |    31.323 |     1.704 |   99.215 |  100.019 |  59.1614 |      100 |  100.019 |  59.1614 | performance |          100 |            0 |            0 |
  • scx_rustland
❯ scx_rustland --monitor 5
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  1/4  w: 3 /3  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 4     k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  1/4  w: 2 /2  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 28385 k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  0/4  w: 4 /0  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 25288 k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  0/4  w: 2 /0  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 30580 k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  0/4  w: 2 /0  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 30824 k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0
[RustLand] tasks -> r:  1/4  w: 1 /1  | pf: 0     | dispatch -> u: 33178 k: 0     c: 0     b: 0     f: 0     | cg: 0

systemd services

See: services

Kernel Feature Status

The kernel feature is not yet upstream and can be found in the sched_ext repository. The followings are important branches:

Breaking Changes

A list of the breaking changes in the sched_ext kernel tree and the associated commits for the schedulers in this repo.

Developer Guide

Want to learn how to develop a scheduler or find some useful tools for working with schedulers? See the developer guide for more details.

Getting in Touch

We aim to build a friendly and approachable community around sched_ext. You can reach us through the following channels:

We also hold weekly office hours every Tuesday. Please see the #office-hours channel on slack for details. To join the slack community, you can use this link.

Additional Resources

There are blog posts and articles about sched_ext, which helps you to explore sched_ext in various ways. Followings are some examples:

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sched_ext schedulers and tools

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