Worker Farm

Distribute processing tasks to child processes or worker threads with an über-simple API and baked-in durability & custom concurrency options. Available in npm as worker-farm.

Example

Given a file, child.js:

module.exports = function (inp, callback) {
  callback(null, inp + ' BAR (' + process.pid + ')')
}

And a main file:

var workerFarm = require('worker-farm')
  , workers    = workerFarm(require.resolve('./child'))
  , ret        = 0

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  workers('#' + i + ' FOO', function (err, outp) {
    console.log(outp)
    if (++ret == 10)
      workerFarm.end(workers)
  })
}

We'll get an output something like the following:

#1 FOO BAR (8546)
#0 FOO BAR (8545)
#8 FOO BAR (8545)
#9 FOO BAR (8546)
#2 FOO BAR (8548)
#4 FOO BAR (8551)
#3 FOO BAR (8549)
#6 FOO BAR (8555)
#5 FOO BAR (8553)
#7 FOO BAR (8557)

This example is contained in the examples/basic directory.

Using worker_threads

Since version 2.0.0 you can also make use of node's worker_threads module. This requires you to use the module with node 12.x or higher, or 10.5 or higher with the --experimental-worker flag. If worker_threads is not available, the module will fall back to the default implementation using child_processes, but a warning will be emited.

Given a file, child.js:

'use strict'
const {threadId} = require('worker_threads')

module.exports = function (inp, callback) {
	callback(null, inp + ' BAR (' + [process.pid, threadId].join(':') + ')')
}

And a main file:

'use strict'

let workerFarm = require('../../')
  , workers    = workerFarm.threaded(require.resolve('./child'))
  , ret		   = 0

for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  workers('#' + i + ' FOO', function(err, outp) {
    console.log(outp)
    if (++ret == 10) 
      workerFarm.end(workers)
  })
}

We'll get an output something like the following:

#3 FOO BAR (22236:4)
#5 FOO BAR (22236:6)
#1 FOO BAR (22236:2)
#9 FOO BAR (22236:2)
#4 FOO BAR (22236:5)
#7 FOO BAR (22236:8)
#2 FOO BAR (22236:3)
#0 FOO BAR (22236:1)
#8 FOO BAR (22236:1)
#6 FOO BAR (22236:7)

This example is contained in the examples/threaded directory.

Example #1: Estimating π using child workers

You will also find a more complex example in examples/pi that estimates the value of π by using a Monte Carlo area-under-the-curve method and compares the speed of doing it all in-process vs using child workers to complete separate portions.

Running node examples/pi will give you something like:

Doing it the slow (single-process) way...
π ≈ 3.1416269360000006  (0.0000342824102075312 away from actual!)
took 8341 milliseconds
Doing it the fast (multi-process) way...
π ≈ 3.1416233600000036  (0.00003070641021052367 away from actual!)
took 1985 milliseconds

Example #2: Using transferLists with worker threads

The benefit of using worker threads compared to child processes is that we can make use of transferLists and SharedArrayBuffers to efficiently pass data around.

When passing data from a child to the main thread, you can specify a transferList as third argument to the callback like

module.exports = function(callback) {
  let result = getLargeDataStructure()
  let transferList = getTransferListForResult(result)
  callback(null, result, transferList)
}

When passing data to a child, you can specify a transferList after the callback like

let workers = workerFarm(require.resolve('path/to/child'))
workers(all, your, args, function(err, result) {
   // Do something with the result
}, transferList)

Beware that after transferring, the data is no longer available on the sending side. However, because we're using a queue it might be possible that after calling a worker, data may still be available. Consider

// Let's run a task very often, much more than we have child threads.
for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
  let arr = new Uint8Array(1024);
  workers(function(err, result) {
    
  }, [arr.buffer])
  
  // What will be the length of arr here? If the array was transferred 
  // immediately to the child, arr.length === 0, but if the call is still in 
  // the queue - arr will still be available because it hasn't been 
  // transferred yet! In that case arr.length === 1024!
  let schrodingersCat = {
    dead: arr.length === 0
  }
  
}

This behavior can hence lead to subtle bugs and therefore YOU SHOULD NEVER use an ArrayBuffer anymore after you've specified it in a transferList.

Have a look at the examples/transfer directory for an example that shows that transferLists can pass data around more efficiently.

Durability

An important feature of Worker Farm is call durability. If a child process dies for any reason during the execution of call(s), those calls will be re-queued and taken care of by other child processes. In this way, when you ask for something to be done, unless there is something seriously wrong with what you're doing, you should get a result on your callback function.

My use-case

There are other libraries for managing worker processes available but my use-case was fairly specific: I need to make heavy use of the node-java library to interact with JVM code. Unfortunately, because the JVM garbage collector is so difficult to interact with, it's prone to killing your Node process when the GC kicks under heavy load. For safety I needed a durable way to make calls so that (1) it wouldn't kill my main process and (2) any calls that weren't successful would be resubmitted for processing.

Worker Farm allows me to spin up multiple JVMs to be controlled by Node, and have a single, uncomplicated API that acts the same way as an in-process API and the calls will be taken care of by a child process even if an error kills a child process while it is working as the call will simply be passed to a new child process.

But, don't think that Worker Farm is specific to that use-case, it's designed to be very generic and simple to adapt to anything requiring the use of child Node processes.

API

Worker Farm exports a main function and an end() method. The main function sets up a "farm" of coordinated child-process workers and it can be used to instantiate multiple farms, all operating independently.

workerFarm([options, ]pathToModule[, exportedMethods])

In its most basic form, you call workerFarm() with the path to a module file to be invoked by the child process. You should use an absolute path to the module file, the best way to obtain the path is with require.resolve('./path/to/module'), this function can be used in exactly the same way as require('./path/to/module') but it returns an absolute path.

workerFarm.threaded([options, ]pathToModule[, exportedMethods])

Using this method will try to use node's worker_threads module if it's available. If it's not available, this will be detected and the module will default to the default implementation with child processes, displaying a warning that the worker_threads module is not available. The api of the method is exactly the same as the workerFarm() function.

exportedMethods

If your module exports a single function on module.exports then you should omit the final parameter. However, if you are exporting multiple functions on module.exports then you should list them in an Array of Strings:

var workers = workerFarm(require.resolve('./mod'), [ 'doSomething', 'doSomethingElse' ])
workers.doSomething(function () {})
workers.doSomethingElse(function () {})

Listing the available methods will instruct Worker Farm what API to provide you with on the returned object. If you don't list a exportedMethods Array then you'll get a single callable function to use; but if you list the available methods then you'll get an object with callable functions by those names.

It is assumed that each function you call on your child module will take a callback function as the last argument.

options

If you don't provide an options object then the following defaults will be used:

{
    workerOptions               : {}
  , maxCallsPerWorker           : Infinity
  , maxConcurrentWorkers        : require('os').cpus().length
  , maxConcurrentCallsPerWorker : 10
  , maxConcurrentCalls          : Infinity
  , maxCallTime                 : Infinity
  , maxRetries                  : Infinity
  , autoStart                   : false
  , onChild                     : function() {}
}

• workerOptions allows you to customize all the parameters passed to child nodes. This object supports all possible options of child_process.fork or all possible options of Worker when using the threaded implementation. The default options passed are the parent execArgv, cwd and env. Any (or all) of them can be overridden, and others can be added as well.

• maxCallsPerWorker allows you to control the lifespan of your child processes. A positive number will indicate that you only want each child to accept that many calls before it is terminated. This may be useful if you need to control memory leaks or similar in child processes.

• maxConcurrentWorkers will set the number of child processes to maintain concurrently. By default it is set to the number of CPUs available on the current system, but it can be any reasonable number, including 1.

• maxConcurrentCallsPerWorker allows you to control the concurrency of individual child processes. Calls are placed into a queue and farmed out to child processes according to the number of calls they are allowed to handle concurrently. It is arbitrarily set to 10 by default so that calls are shared relatively evenly across workers, however if your calls predictably take a similar amount of time then you could set it to Infinity and Worker Farm won't queue any calls but spread them evenly across child processes and let them go at it. If your calls aren't I/O bound then it won't matter what value you use here as the individual workers won't be able to execute more than a single call at a time.

• maxConcurrentCalls allows you to control the maximum number of calls in the queue—either actively being processed or waiting for a worker to be processed. Infinity indicates no limit but if you have conditions that may endlessly queue jobs and you need to set a limit then provide a >0 value and any calls that push the limit will return on their callback with a MaxConcurrentCallsError error (check err.type == 'MaxConcurrentCallsError').

• maxCallTime (use with caution, understand what this does before you use it!) when !== Infinity, will cap a time, in milliseconds, that any single call can take to execute in a worker. If this time limit is exceeded by just a single call then the worker running that call will be killed and any calls running on that worker will have their callbacks returned with a TimeoutError (check err.type == 'TimeoutError'). If you are running with maxConcurrentCallsPerWorker value greater than 1 then all calls currently executing will fail and will be automatically resubmitted uless you've changed the maxRetries option. Use this if you have jobs that may potentially end in infinite loops that you can't programatically end with your child code. Preferably run this with a maxConcurrentCallsPerWorker so you don't interrupt other calls when you have a timeout. This timeout operates on a per-call basis but will interrupt a whole worker.

• maxRetries allows you to control the max number of call requeues after worker termination (unexpected or timeout). By default this option is set to Infinity which means that each call of each terminated worker will always be auto requeued. When the number of retries exceeds maxRetries value, the job callback will be executed with a ProcessTerminatedError. Note that if you are running with finite maxCallTime and maxConcurrentCallsPerWorkers greater than 1 then any TimeoutError will increase the retries counter for each concurrent call of the terminated worker.

• autoStart when set to true will start the workers as early as possible. Use this when your workers have to do expensive initialization. That way they'll be ready when the first request comes through.

• onChild when new child process starts this callback will be called with subprocess object as an argument. Use this when you need to add some custom communication with child processes.

workerFarm.end(farm)

Child processes stay alive waiting for jobs indefinitely and your farm manager will stay alive managing its workers, so if you need it to stop then you have to do so explicitly. If you send your farm API to workerFarm.end() then it'll cleanly end your worker processes. Note though that it's a soft ending so it'll wait for child processes to finish what they are working on before asking them to die.

Any calls that are queued and not yet being handled by a child process will be discarded. end() only waits for those currently in progress.

Once you end a farm, it won't handle any more calls, so don't even try!

Breaking changes in v2

Although not explicitly documented, in v1 it was possible to pass multiple arguments to the callback

// BEWARE! CODE BELOW NO LONGER WORKS IN v2!

// child.js
module.exports = function(callback) {
  callback(null, 'result', 'another result')
}

// parent.js
workers(function(err, one, two) {
  console.log(one, two) // Logs 'result' 'another result'
})

This is no longer possible in v2 because the third argument is considered to be a transferList. If you're using the default implementation that uses child processes, the third (and fourth, and fifth, ...) argument specified to the callback will simply be ignored.

Related

• farm-cli – Launch a farm of workers from CLI.

License

Worker Farm is Copyright (c) Rod Vagg and licensed under the MIT license. All rights not explicitly granted in the MIT license are reserved. See the included LICENSE.md file for more details.