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46 changes: 23 additions & 23 deletions 01_Introduction/introduction.tex
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Expand Up @@ -10,22 +10,22 @@ \chapter{Introduction}
\fi

The beginning of the 21st century has been a truly exciting time in particle physics. First LHC collisions in 2009
marked the start of the new era, which only three years later brought the discovery of the Higgs boson, the last missing
piece of the Standard Model. The hopes are high that it is not the last discovery of this era, and new physics is hiding
around the corner at the energies accessible to the LHC.
marked the start of the new era, which only three years later brought about the discovery of the Higgs boson, the last
missing piece of the Standard Model. The hopes are high that it is not the last discovery of this era, and new physics
is hiding around the corner at the energies accessible to the LHC.

While searches for the new physics are very exciting, one should not underestimate the importance of precision
measurements of the Standard Model. Even after the Higgs boson discovery, top quark physics has remained in the
priorities of the LHC physics programme. One of the main reasons is its importance as a primary background to many new
physics scenarios beyond the Standard Model. Moreover, it is still not understood why the top quark Yukawa coupling is
so close to unity, which implies that severe fine tuning of the Higgs mass happens mostly due to the top quark. Many
extensions of the Standard Model offer solutions to this hierarchy problem by extending the top quark sector and
introducing more degrees of freedom, which are expected to cause deviations from the Standard Model predictions in top
quark-related observables. Therefore, precise measurements of the top quark properties are of high importance.
While searches for new physics are very exciting, one should not underestimate the importance of precision measurements
of the Standard Model. Even after the Higgs boson discovery, top quark physics has remained in the priorities of the LHC
physics programme. One of the main reasons is its importance as a primary background to many new physics scenarios
beyond the Standard Model. Moreover, it is still not understood why the top quark Yukawa coupling is so close to unity,
which implies that severe fine tuning of the Higgs mass happens mostly due to the top quark. Many extensions of the
Standard Model offer solutions to this hierarchy problem by extending the top quark sector and introducing more degrees
of freedom, which are expected to cause deviations from the Standard Model predictions in top quark-related observables.
Therefore, precise measurements of the top quark properties are of high importance.

The top quark mass is a crucial fundamental parameter of the Standard Model. The mass analysis presented in this thesis
contributes to the most precise single measurement of the top quark mass up to date. While the systematic uncertainty
due to the jet energy scale (JES) in author's work is significantly larger than that of the published CMS measurement,
contributes to the most precise single measurement of the top quark mass to date. While the systematic uncertainty due
to the jet energy scale (JES) in the author's work is significantly larger than that of the published CMS measurement,
the analysis serves as an important cross-check of the mass extraction technique and the kinematic fitting procedure.
The mentioned JES systematic uncertainty is mitigated in the published measurement via the \textit{in situ} measurement
of the JES and the top quark mass in a joint likelihood fit. This thesis shows the consistency of these measurements
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thesis, work on the high-level triggers used for selection of top quark events with semileptonic signature, particularly
with an electron and jets in the final state, is presented.

For the first time in history of particle physics, the abundance of top quark pair (\ttbar) events at the LHC gives an
opportunity to measure the \ttbar differential cross section with respect to various quantities. Both the CMS and ATLAS
collaborations have published results on such measurements with respect to top quark-related variables. In this thesis,
the \ttbar differential cross section is measured with respect to the event-level distributions, which do not require a
For the first time in the history of particle physics, the abundance of top quark pair (\ttbar) events at the LHC gives
an opportunity to measure the \ttbar differential cross section with respect to various quantities. Both the CMS and
ATLAS collaborations have published results on such measurements with respect to top quark-related variables. The \ttbar
differential cross section presented here is measured with respect to event-level distributions, which do not require a
kinematic reconstruction of the \ttbar decay. The absence of systematic uncertainties associated with the kinematic
reconstruction is the main advantage of these measurements, which allows more detailed comparison of the data and
predictions by different Monte Carlo generators. Furthermore, new physics could reveal itself in the tails of these
event-level distributions. For instance, an associated production of a \ttbar pair with a new resonance
($\ttbar+\mathrm{X}$) decaying invisibly may show up in the tail of the missing transverse energy distribution.

The work on the top quark mass analysis using the \SI{7}{\TeV} LHC data was performed at CERN in collaboration with
Martijn Mulders and Enrique Palencia. The author's main contribution was to the electron side of the analysis,
particularly all the analysis steps up to setting up the kinematic fit and obtaining the fitted information which was
used in the mass extraction technique. The high-level triggers used in the analysis were developed by the author in
collaboration with \L{}ukasz Kreczko and St\'{e}phanie Beauceron.
The work on the top quark mass analysis using \SI{7}{\TeV} LHC data was performed at CERN in collaboration with Martijn
Mulders and Enrique Palencia. The author's main contribution was to the electron side of the analysis, particularly all
the analysis steps up to setting up the kinematic fit and obtaining the fitted information which was used in the mass
extraction technique. The high-level triggers used in the analysis were developed by the author in collaboration with
\L{}ukasz Kreczko and St\'{e}phanie Beauceron.

The differential cross section analysis was done in close collaboration with \L{}ukasz Kreczko, Jeson Jacob and Phil
Symonds under supervision of Greg Heath and Joel Goldstein. On the technical side of the analysis, the author mainly
Symonds under the supervision of Greg Heath and Joel Goldstein. On the technical side of the analysis, the author mainly
focused on developing the C\texttt{++}/Python-based analysis framework (Bristol Analysis Software) and ensuring the
latest and most precise physics object definitions were used; producing the local n-tuples; programming Python scripts
in conjunction with ROOT/PyROOT software to extract the differential cross section and produce final results. On the
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 02_Theory/tables/sm_table.tex
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\begin{table}[thbp]
\centering
\caption[Fundamental forces and corresponding gauge bosons]{Fundamental forces and corresponding
gauge bosons with their properties \autocite{PDG}. The gravitation is the only fundamental interaction not desribed by
the Standard Model.}
gauge bosons with their properties \autocite{PDG}. Gravitational force is the only fundamental interaction not described
by the Standard Model.}
\label{tab:SM_forces}
\begin{tabular}{@{}_l|^c|^c|^c|^c|^c@{}}
\toprule
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 02_Theory/tables/ttbar_NNLO_xsections.tex
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\centering
\caption[Theoretical predictions for \ttbar production cross section at different LHC centre of mass
energies]{Theoretical predictions for \ttbar production cross section at different LHC centre of mass energies,
calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) \autocite{NNLO_ttbar}. The scales uncertainty corresponds to the
choice of factorisation and renormalisation scales. }
calculated at NNLO \autocite{NNLO_ttbar}. The scales uncertainty corresponds to the choice of factorisation and
renormalisation scales. }
\label{tab:ttbar_NNLO_xsections}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrr@{}}
\toprule
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