Delbot™

It understands your voice commands, searches news and knowledge sources, and summarizes and reads out content to you.

Check out the demo video.

Chatbots Magazine featured my Delbot article in The Top 100 articles on Chatbots Magazine.

How to Run

1. Install the required packages.
2. Open a command prompt and navigate to root folder of project.
3. Enter python app.py in command prompt to launch web service.
4. Go to http://localhost:5000 (or whichever IP and port you specified).

Roadmap

1. Statistical model to determine category such as who, why, what, and when of knowledge questions.
2. Headlines-only news request.
3. Better UI!

Index

1. Introduction
2. Overview
   1. News
   2. Knowledge
3. How It Works
   1. News Queries
      1. Parts of speech and tags
      2. Noun chunks
      3. Adpositions? Did you mean prepositions?
      4. Implementation
   2. Knowledge Queries
      1. Parts of speech and tags
      2. Noun chunks
      3. Auxiliary verbs (or their absence)
      4. Implementation
4. Summarization
5. Libraries
6. Web App
7. Limitations
8. Conclusion and Future Work
9. Demo
10. References and Links

Introduction

Bots remain a hot topic. Everyone is talking about them.

How about building one from scratch? The simple one we will build today will understand and answer questions like:

• What is the latest news on Star Wars in the New York Times?
• Who is Donald Trump?
• Read me the latest on Brexit.
• What are RDF triples?
• Who was Joan of Arc?
• Give me news about the UK government from the Guardian.

Our goal is to code a bot from the ground up and use nature language processing (NLP) while doing so.

In addition, our bot will be voice-enabled and web-based if you complete the web app section as well. The best part is we do not need to do anything fancy for speech recognition and synthesis: we will use a built-in capability of modern web browsers.

Overview

At a high level, we want to be able to understand two broad types of queries. Following is the flowchart.

News

We might ask for news. E.g.:

What is the latest on Fantastic Beasts in the Guardian?

The bot will query the API of the requested news source (New York Times if none is specified) and summarize the results:

[...] Comparing the first Harry Potter film (2001’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone) with the last (2011’s Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part Two) is somewhat akin to comparing Bambi with Reservoir Dogs. We first meet him in 1920s New York – almost 60 years before Harry is even born – where he is [...]
(source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/25/jk-rowling-fantastic-beasts-screenplay)

Knowledge

We might ask a knowledge question. E.g.:

What are RDF triples?

And the bot will answer:

A semantic triple, or simply triple, is the atomic data entity in the Resource Description Framework .\nThis format enables knowledge to be represented in a machine-readable way. Particularly, every part of an RDF triple is individually addressable via unique URIs \u2014 for example, the second statement above might be represented in RDF as http://example.name#BobSmith12 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows http://example.name#JohnDoe34.
(source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_triple)

How It Works

We define a simple rule to categorize inputs: if the query contains either of the words news or latest, it is a news query. Otherwise, it is a knowledge query.

The predict function of the QueryAnalyzer class is the main entry point for our bot. It performs the above categorization. It calls other functions to

1. Extract the query and, if applicable, the source from the input
2. Make necessary API calls
3. Summarize lengthy content

Finally, it returns the output and a flag indicating if there was any error.

News Queries

We assume input to be of one of the following forms.

What is the latest news on Star Wars in the New York Times?
Read me the latest on Brexit.
Give me news about Marvel Cinematic Universe movies in 2017 from the Guardian.

Parts of speech and tags

Token	Give	me	the	latest	news	on	Donald	Trump	from	the	New	York	Times	.
POS	VERB	PRON	DET	ADJ	NOUN	ADP	PROPN	PROPN	ADP	DET	PROPN	PROPN	PROPN	PUNCT
TAG	VB	PRP	DT	JJS	NN	IN	NNP	NNP	IN	DT	NNP	NNP	NNP	.

Noun chunks

1. the latest news
2. Donald Trump
3. the New York Times

Adpositions? Did you mean prepositions?

There is a pattern in sentences structured as above. And prepositions are key.

The topic of search is between the first and the last prepositions. The requested source is at the end after the last preposition. The last noun chunk is the source.

In case a source is not specified, as in the second example, everything after the first preposition is assumed to be the topic of search.

Adpositions, simply put, are prepositions and postpositions.

In a head-initial language like English, adpositions usually precede the noun phrase. E.g. characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe. While in a head-final language like Gujarati, adpositions follow the noun phrase. These are postpositions. E.g. માર્વેલ ચલચિત્ર જગત_ના_ પાત્રો, which translates word by word to: Marvel Cinematic Universe of characters.

Implementation

We invoke get_news_tokens from the QueryExtractor class, which extracts the source and the query from the input. Internally, it calls _split_text to extract noun chunks, parts of speech, and the fully parsed text from the input. We lemmatize terms in the query.

Next, we invoke the get_news function using query on one of the Aggregator classes in media_aggregator.py based on the source. This returns a list of news articles that were sent as a response by the news API. We currently support The Guardian API and The New York Times API.

Finally, we pick the first item (by default) from the response list and summarize it using the shorten_news function.

Knowledge Queries

We assume input to be of one of the following forms.

John Deere
Joan of Arc
Who is Donald Trump?
Who was JRR Tolkien?
What is subject predicate object?
Tell me about particle physics.

Parts of speech and tags

Example 1

Token	What	is	an	RDF	triple	?
POS	NOUN	VERB	DET	PROPN	NOUN	PUNCT
TAG	WP	VBZ	DT	NNP	NN	.

Example 2

Token	Tell	me	about	he	-	man	and	the	masters	of	the	universe	.
POS	VERB	PRON	ADP	PRON	PUNCT	NOUN	CONJ	DET	NOUN	ADP	DET	NOUN	PUNCT
TAG	VB	PRP	IN	PRP	HYPH	NN	CC	DT	NNS	IN	DT	NN	.

Noun chunks

Example 1

1. What
2. an RDF triple

Example 2

1. me
2. he-man
3. the masters
4. the universe

Auxiliary verbs (or their absence)

If we find an auxiliary verb, we treat everything after its first occurrence as the query. Thus, in Example 1, the query is RDF triple.

Otherwise, we treat all noun chunks after the first as the query. Thus, in Example 2, the query is he-man the masters the universe.

Implementation

We invoke get_knowledge_tokens from the QueryExtractor class, which extracts the query.

We pass this to the get_gkg function, which queries the Wikipedia API through the wikipedia Python package and returns a 5-sentence summary of the top result.

Summarization

I used the FrequencySummarizer class from Text summarization with NLTK. Alternatively, you could use sumy.

Libraries

In addition to the packages re, bs4, requests, operator, collections, heapq, string and nltk, we will use the following.

1. spaCy: Please set it up as given in the Install spaCy docs. spaCy will help us do some quick NLP. We could use NLTK but spaCy will get you going faster. We use spaCy in this project.

2. Wikipedia: This helps query the Wikipedia API. You can read the docs of the wikipedia Python package here.

3. Summarizer: The one I used was borrowed from The Glowing Python blog written by JustGlowing. It summarizes lengthy content. Alternatively, you could use sumy.

4. Flask-RESTful, Flask (Optional): These are for building a web app and operationalizing our bot through a RESTful web service.

Web App (Optional)

We add a cool webpage from which you can fire off voice queries and have the browser read out the response content. We make use of the Web Speech API for this.

Web Service

We get our Flask-based REST web service up and running in under 20 lines of code. The QueryService class handles requests.

As of now, we only need one service call to send input from our web app to our bot. This is done through the post function of the QueryService class. post, in turn, calls the predict function, which is the main entry point as mentioned above.

Web Site

I built a basic webpage to demonstrate the bot. It uses the Web Speech API to receive voice input and read out content. You can find the index.html file in the templates folder. Make sure you have installed all the required packages and libraries, and that the web service is up and running before you open the website.

Limitations

Our simple bot understands a limited range of requests. It cannot understand other kinds of requests such as follows.

1. Knowledge requests with a different structure
   Explain to me what bootstrap aggregation is.
   Tell me something about computational neuroscience.
   

2. News requests with a different structure
   What does the New York Times say about Roger Federer's latest match?
   What's happening in the world of tennis?
   

3. Knowledge requests of other types
   How is cheese made?
   Where was JK Rowling born?
   Can we build a sky city on Venus?
   When did the French Revolution take place?
   Why does Jupiter have The Great Red Spot?
   

4. Follow-up questions and context
   Explain to me what bootstrap aggregation is.
   and then: How does it relate to random forests?
   

Understanding what it refers to in the follow-up question comes under what is known as anaphora resolution. It is all a part of understanding context. Different words mean different things in different contexts. While humans have a nuanced understanding of these, it is significantly more difficult to teach machines the same.

Conclusion and Future Work

We achieved our goal of building a bot based on some rules we defined. We also made use of some NLP techniques. Finally, we deployed our bot onto a web application. However, our bot is limited in the kinds of queries it can understand and answer. Why is its scope of understanding so narrow?

In general, making computers really understand language is an AI-hard problem. There is a field known as NLU (Natural Language Understanding) within NLP dedicated to this.

We could implement a machine learning-based solution so our bot could potentially understand a much wider range of requests.

References and Links

1. Alphabetical list of part-of-speech tags used in the Penn Treebank Project
2. Stanford typed dependencies manual
3. Wikipedia articles
   1. Head-directionality parameter
   2. AI-hard
   3. NLU (Natural Language Understanding)
   4. anaphora resolution
   5. prepositions and postpositions
   6. head-initial
4. Web Speech API
5. Text summarization with NLTK
6. New York Times Developer API
7. The Guardian Open Platform
8. Quora thread: What makes natural language processing difficult?

Please make sure to read the terms of use of the APIs used here.

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Check out the demo [video](https://youtu.be/iVmj1gHOF0w) or read my Delbot article published in [Chatbots Magazine](https://chatbotsmagazine.com/delbot-nlp-python-bot-1a46d865e38b).