kloak: Keystroke-level online anonymization kernel
A privacy tool that makes keystroke biometrics less effective. This is accomplished by obfuscating the time intervals between key press and release events, which are typically used for identification.
There are two ways to run kloak:
- As an application
- As a Linux service
First, compile kloak and the event capture tool eventcap:
$ make all
Next, start kloak as root. This typically must run as root because kloak reads from and writes to device files:
$ sudo ./kloak
If you start kloak and lose control of your keyboard, pressing RShift + LShift + Esc will exit. You can specify the rescue key combination with the -k option.
Verify that kloak is running by starting in verbose mode:
$ sudo ./kloak -v
...
Bufferred event at time: 1553710016364. Type: 1, Code: 37, Value: 1, Scheduled delay 84 ms
Released event at time : 1553710016364. Type: 1, Code: 37, Value: 1, Missed target -7 ms
Bufferred event at time: 1553710016597. Type: 1, Code: 37, Value: 0, Scheduled delay 39 ms
Released event at time : 1553710016597. Type: 1, Code: 37, Value: 0, Missed target -6 ms
Bufferred event at time: 1553710017039. Type: 1, Code: 32, Value: 1, Scheduled delay 79 ms
Released event at time : 1553710017039. Type: 1, Code: 32, Value: 1, Missed target -3 ms
Bufferred event at time: 1553710017291. Type: 1, Code: 32, Value: 0, Scheduled delay 80 ms
Bufferred event at time: 1553710017354. Type: 1, Code: 39, Value: 1, Scheduled delay 94 ms
Lower bound raised to: 31 ms
Released event at time : 1553710017291. Type: 1, Code: 32, Value: 0, Missed target -33 ms
Released event at time : 1553710017354. Type: 1, Code: 39, Value: 1, Missed target 0 ms
...
Notice that the lower bound on the random delay has to be raised when keys are pressed in quick succession. This ensures that the key events are written to uinput in the same order as they were generated.
How to install kloak using apt-get
1. Download Whonix's Signing Key.
wget https://www.whonix.org/patrick.asc
Users can check Whonix Signing Key for better security.
2. Add Whonix's signing key.
sudo apt-key --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/whonix.gpg add ~/patrick.asc
3. Add Whonix's APT repository.
echo "deb https://deb.whonix.org bullseye main contrib non-free" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/whonix.list
4. Update your package lists.
sudo apt-get update
5. Install kloak.
sudo apt-get install kloak
Replace apparmor-profile-torbrowser with the actual name of this package with kloak and see instructions.
kloak requires donations to stay alive!
kloak will attempt to find your keyboard device to read events from and the location of uinput to write events to. If kloak cannot find either the input device or output device, these must be specified with the -r and -w options, respectively.
To find the keyboard device for reading events: determine which device file corresponds to the physical keyboard. Use eventcap (or some other event capture tool) and look for the device that generates events when keys are pressed. This will typically be one of /dev/input/event[0-7]. In this example, it's /dev/input/event4:
$ sudo ./eventcap /dev/input/event4
Reading From : /dev/input/event4 (AT Translated Set 2 keyboard)
Type: 4 Code: 4 Value: 15
Type: 1 Code: 15 Value: 0
Type: 0 Code: 0 Value: 0
Type: 4 Code: 4 Value: 56
Type: 1 Code: 56 Value: 0
Type: 0 Code: 0 Value: 0
uinput is the kernel module that allows user-land applications to create input devices. This is typically located at either /dev/uinput or /dev/input/uinput.
Start kloak by specifying the input and output device files:
$ sudo ./kloak -r /dev/input/event4 -w /dev/uinput
kloak works by introducing a random delay to each key press and release event. This requires temporarily buffering the event before it reaches the application (e.g., a text editor).
The maximum delay is specified with the -d option. This is the maximum delay (in milliseconds) that can occur between the physical key events and writing key events to the user-level input device. The default is 100 ms, which was shown to achieve about a 20-30% reduction in identification accuracy and doesn't create too much lag between the user and the application (see the paper below). As the maximum delay increases, the ability to obfuscate typing behavior also increases and the responsiveness of the application decreases. This reflects a tradeoff between usability and privacy.
If you're a fast typist and it seems like there is a long lag between pressing a key and seeing the character on screen, try lowering the maximum delay. Alternately, if you're a slower typist, you might be able to increase the maximum delay without noticing much difference. Automatically determining the best lag for each typing speed is an item for future work.
The full usage and options are:
$ ./kloak -h
Usage: kloak [options]
Options:
-r filename: device file to read events from. Can specify multiple -r options.
-d delay: maximum delay (milliseconds) of released events. Default 100.
-s startup_timeout: time to wait (milliseconds) before startup. Default 100.
-k csv_string: csv list of rescue key names to exit kloak in case the
keyboard becomes unresponsive. Default is 'KEY_LEFTSHIFT,KEY_RIGHTSHIFT,KEY_ESC'.
-v: verbose mode
Consider these three different scenarios:
- Train normal, test normal
- Train normal, test kloak
- Train
kloak, testkloak
Train normal means to train with normal typing behavior, i.e., without kloak running. At the enrollment page on the KeyTrac demo (demo no longer available), enter a username and password without kloak running, and then on the authenticate page, try authenticating. For example, the train normal/test normal result is:
Start kloak and then try authenticating again. These results were obtained using a maximum delay of 200 ms (-d 200). The train normal/test kloak result is:
Enroll With kloak running and then try authenticating with kloak still running. Again, this is with a 200 ms maximum delay. The train kloak/test kloak result is:
Your results may differ, especially in the train kloak/test kloak scenario. The train kloak/test kloak scenario is more difficult to anonymize than the train normal/test kloak scenario. This is because kloak obfuscates your typing behavior, but does not make your typing behavior similar to other users. This dilemma relates to the problem of user cooperation. It's easy to make your typing behavior look like something that it's not, but what should that be? If it's too unique, then the change does more harm then good, allowing you to be easily identified. Without the cooperation of other users, it's difficult to choose a behavior that's hard to distinguish.
kloak has two goals in mind:
- Make it difficult for an adversary to identify a user
- Make it difficult for an adversary to replicate a user's typing behavior
The first goal can theoretically be achieved only if all users cooperate with each other to have the same typing behavior, for example by pressing keys with exactly the same frequency. Since different users type at different speeds, this is not practical. Instead, pseudo-anonymity is achieved by obfuscating a user's typing rhythm, making it difficult for an adversary to re-identify a single user.
The second goal is to make it difficult for an adversary to forge typing behavior and impersonate a user, perhaps bypassing a two-factor authentication that uses keystroke biometrics. This is achieved by making the time between keystrokes unpredictable.
For more info, see the paper Obfuscating Keystroke Time Intervals to Avoid Identification and Impersonation.
The time between key press and release events are typically used to identify users by their typing behavior. kloak obfuscates these time intervals by introducing a random delay between the physical key events and the arrival of key events at the application, for example a web browser.
kloak grabs the input device and writes delayed key events to the output device. Grabbing the device disables any other application from reading the events. Events are scheduled to be released in a separate thread, where a random delay is introduced before they are written to a user-level input device via uinput. This was inspired from kbd-mangler.
kloak does not protect against all forms of keystroke biometrics that can be used for identification. Specifically,
- If the delay is too small, it is not effective. Adjust the delay to as high a value that's comfortable.
- Repeated key presses are not obfuscated. If your system is set to repeat held-down keys at a unique rate, this could leak your identity.
- Writing style is still apparent, in which stylometry techniques could be used to determine authorship.
- Higher level cognitive behavior, such as editing and application usage, are still apparent. These lower-frequency actions are less understood at this point, but could potentially be used to reveal identity.