Use display brand in remove dialog description

[amk-stripe]

Summary

Use display brand in remove dialog description

Motivation

Before: For co-branded cards, this description would read as e.g. "Visa ****1001" even when the display brand (shown as the card icon) was Cartes Bancaires.

Now: The description will read as "Cartes Bancaires ****1001" in the example above.

I previously fixed this for our accessibility text in #9351, but didn't actually update the UI apparently

Testing

• Added tests
• Modified tests
• Manually verified

Screenshots

[github-actions]

Diffuse output:

OLD: identity-example-release-base.apk (signature: V1, V2)
NEW: identity-example-release-pr.apk (signature: V1, V2)

          │          compressed          │         uncompressed         
          ├───────────┬───────────┬──────┼───────────┬───────────┬──────
 APK      │ old       │ new       │ diff │ old       │ new       │ diff 
──────────┼───────────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────┼───────────┼──────
      dex │     2 MiB │     2 MiB │  0 B │   4.1 MiB │   4.1 MiB │  0 B 
     arsc │     1 MiB │     1 MiB │  0 B │     1 MiB │     1 MiB │  0 B 
 manifest │   2.3 KiB │   2.3 KiB │  0 B │     8 KiB │     8 KiB │  0 B 
      res │ 301.8 KiB │ 301.8 KiB │  0 B │ 455.5 KiB │ 455.5 KiB │  0 B 
   native │   6.2 MiB │   6.2 MiB │  0 B │  15.8 MiB │  15.8 MiB │  0 B 
    asset │   7.1 KiB │   7.1 KiB │  0 B │   6.9 KiB │   6.9 KiB │  0 B 
    other │  90.2 KiB │  90.3 KiB │ +5 B │ 170.3 KiB │ 170.3 KiB │  0 B 
──────────┼───────────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────┼───────────┼──────
    total │   9.6 MiB │   9.6 MiB │ +5 B │  21.5 MiB │  21.5 MiB │  0 B 

 DEX     │ old   │ new   │ diff      
─────────┼───────┼───────┼───────────
   files │     1 │     1 │ 0         
 strings │ 19966 │ 19966 │ 0 (+0 -0) 
   types │  6188 │  6188 │ 0 (+0 -0) 
 classes │  4979 │  4979 │ 0 (+0 -0) 
 methods │ 29759 │ 29759 │ 0 (+0 -0) 
  fields │ 17526 │ 17526 │ 0 (+0 -0) 

 ARSC    │ old  │ new  │ diff 
─────────┼──────┼──────┼──────
 configs │  164 │  164 │  0   
 entries │ 3622 │ 3622 │  0

APK

   compressed    │   uncompressed   │                                           
──────────┬──────┼───────────┬──────┤                                           
 size     │ diff │ size      │ diff │ path                                      
──────────┼──────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────────────
 28.4 KiB │ +3 B │  62.9 KiB │  0 B │ ∆ META-INF/CERT.SF                        
    272 B │ +1 B │     120 B │  0 B │ ∆ META-INF/version-control-info.textproto 
 25.3 KiB │ +1 B │  62.8 KiB │  0 B │ ∆ META-INF/MANIFEST.MF                    
──────────┼──────┼───────────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────────────
   54 KiB │ +5 B │ 125.8 KiB │  0 B │ (total)