Add service.type experimental Resource attribute

Contributes to open-telemetry#554

Contributes to open-telemetry#396

Contributes to open-telemetry/opamp-spec#131

Problem Description
===================

`service.name` Resource attribute is [currently defined](https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/tree/main/docs/resource#service)
as the "Logical name of the service". The expectation is that `service.name` will be set
by the operator of the service to a value that describes the role of the service
in the overall observable set of entities the operator has (within a `service.namespace`).

Otel Collector [sets](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector/blob/7e3e725a2952728560b9f5f71867ad6358b1977f/service/service.go#L276)
`service.name` by default to be the name of the executable (e.g. otelcorecol or
otelcontribcol).

Collector's `service.name` can be overridden by the operator using
`service.telemetry.resource` setting of Collector's config file. This is typically
expected in any non-trivial infrastructure where the same Collector executable can
be used as a locally running agent on a host, as a standalone gateway that serves
as an intermediary between agents and the backends, as part of Kubernetes operator,
etc. The roles in these cases are sufficiently different to warrant different
logical names.

However, there is currently no semantic convention for an attribute that
specifies the type of a service that may have different logical roles when
used in different places in the infrastructure, yet be identically produced,
i.e. be the exact same executable. The executable file name to some extent
can serve that purpose but nothing prevents different service types from having
the same executable file name, it has poor uniqueness guarantees.

This [issue](open-telemetry#396)
talks a bit more about why we would want to have the type of an agent (Otel
Collector in our case) to be a well-defined semantic convention.

This [issue](open-telemetry/opamp-spec#131) shows
how the agent type would be useful in the context of agent management. The issue
talks about how it is important to tie agent's own telemetry's Resource to the
attributes that identify that agent in the context of the OpAMP protocol.

Changes
=======

This change adds `service.type` as a Recommended, experimental Resource
semantic convention.

The value is a string in reverse domain notation that uniquely identifies
the type of the service (the type of the product deployed as the service),
e.g. io.opentelemetry.collector, io.redis, etc.
Unlike (service.namespace,service.name,service.instance.id) triplet
the (service.namespace,service.type,service.instance.id) triplet is not
guaranteed to be globally unique.

For OpAMP having a separate `service.type` allows OpAMP, if desired by the
operator, to manage the same type of agents in a similar way even though
their `service.name` values may be different due to different logical roles they have.

An example unrelated to OpAMP, when using NGINX: `service.type` will be set
to "com.nginx", while `service.name` is set to "api-gateway", denoting the
logical role that the particular NGINX deployment serves in this particular system.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ release.
   ([#452](https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/pull/452/))
 - Add an example for gcp_pubsub asynchronous batch publish
   ([#545](https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/pull/545))
+- Add `service.type` experimental Resource attribute
+  ([#575](https://github.com/open-telemetry/semantic-conventions/pull/575))
 
 ### Fixes
 

docs/resource/README.md

@@ -101,10 +101,13 @@ as specified in the [Resource SDK specification](https://github.com/open-telemet
 |---|---|---|---|---|
 | `service.instance.id` | string | The string ID of the service instance. [1] | `my-k8s-pod-deployment-1`; `627cc493-f310-47de-96bd-71410b7dec09` | Recommended |
 | `service.namespace` | string | A namespace for `service.name`. [2] | `Shop` | Recommended |
+| `service.type` | string | The service type in reverse domain name notation. [3] | `io.opentelemetry.collector`; `io.redis`; `org.apache.kafka` | Recommended |
 
 **[1]:** MUST be unique for each instance of the same `service.namespace,service.name` pair (in other words `service.namespace,service.name,service.instance.id` triplet MUST be globally unique). The ID helps to distinguish instances of the same service that exist at the same time (e.g. instances of a horizontally scaled service). It is preferable for the ID to be persistent and stay the same for the lifetime of the service instance, however it is acceptable that the ID is ephemeral and changes during important lifetime events for the service (e.g. service restarts). If the service has no inherent unique ID that can be used as the value of this attribute it is recommended to generate a random Version 1 or Version 4 RFC 4122 UUID (services aiming for reproducible UUIDs may also use Version 5, see RFC 4122 for more recommendations).
 
 **[2]:** A string value having a meaning that helps to distinguish a group of services, for example the team name that owns a group of services. `service.name` is expected to be unique within the same namespace. If `service.namespace` is not specified in the Resource then `service.name` is expected to be unique for all services that have no explicit namespace defined (so the empty/unspecified namespace is simply one more valid namespace). Zero-length namespace string is assumed equal to unspecified namespace.
+
+**[3]:** The `service.type` identifies the product that is deployed as the service. The same product may be simultaneously deployed multiple times on the same observable infrastructure. In this case each of these deployments will typically have a distinct `service.name` to help identify the logical role of the particular deployment, however their `service.type` will be the same and will help identify the deployed product.
 <!-- endsemconv -->
 
 Note: `service.namespace` and `service.name` are not intended to be concatenated for the purpose of forming a single globally unique name for the service. For example the following 2 sets of attributes actually describe 2 different services (despite the fact that the concatenation would result in the same string):

model/resource/service_experimental.yaml

@@ -35,3 +35,15 @@ groups:
           (services aiming for reproducible UUIDs may also use Version 5, see RFC 4122
           for more recommendations).
         examples: ["my-k8s-pod-deployment-1", "627cc493-f310-47de-96bd-71410b7dec09"]
+      - id: type
+        type: string
+        brief: >
+          The service type in reverse domain name notation.
+        note: >
+          The `service.type` identifies the product that is deployed as the service.
+          The same product may be simultaneously deployed multiple times on the
+          same observable infrastructure. In this case each of these deployments
+          will typically have a distinct `service.name` to help identify the
+          logical role of the particular deployment, however their
+          `service.type` will be the same and will help identify the deployed product.
+        examples: ["io.opentelemetry.collector", "io.redis", "org.apache.kafka"]