Probability

A set of Scala classes for representing probabilities, probability distributions and probability measures in Scala, along with instances for Cats and Circe.

val probabilityVersion = "0.0.4"

libraryDependencies += "au.id.tmm.probability" %% "probability-measure-core"  % probabilityVersion
libraryDependencies += "au.id.tmm.probability" %% "probability-measure-cats"  % probabilityVersion
libraryDependencies += "au.id.tmm.probability" %% "probability-measure-circe" % probabilityVersion
libraryDependencies += "au.id.tmm.probability" %% "probability-distribution-core"  % probabilityVersion

ProbabilityMeasure

A ProbabilityMeasure[A] is a data structure that describes the probability of some set of values of type A, with the requirement that the probabilities must sum to 1. ProbabilityMeasure instances can be chained together using flatMap. This allows us to compute the probability of some set of final outcomes given the probability of their constituent parts.

Consider this example of a fair die, and a loaded die which rolls 6 half of the time:

val diceRollProbability: ProbabilityMeasure[Int] = ProbabilityMeasure.evenly(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

val loadedDiceRollProbability: ProbabilityMeasure[Int] =
  ProbabilityMeasure(
    1 -> Rational(1, 10),
    2 -> Rational(1, 10),
    3 -> Rational(1, 10),
    4 -> Rational(1, 10),
    5 -> Rational(1, 10),
    6 -> Rational(5, 10),
  ).getOrElse(throw new AssertionError)

val probabilitiesWithLoadedDice =
  for {
    dice1 <- diceRollProbability
    dice2 <- loadedDiceRollProbability
  } yield dice1 + dice2

// result:
//   ProbabilityMeasure(
//     2  -> Rational(1, 60),
//     3  -> Rational(1, 30),
//     4  -> Rational(1, 20),
//     5  -> Rational(1, 15),
//     6  -> Rational(1, 12),
//     7  -> Rational(1, 6),
//     8  -> Rational(3, 20),
//     9  -> Rational(2, 15),
//     10 -> Rational(7, 60),
//     11 -> Rational(1, 10),
//     12 -> Rational(1, 12),
//   )

Note that we use the spire.math.Rational class from the Spire library to ensure that we always compute the exact probability, without any floating-point errors.

Why is this useful?

These classes were originally part of countstv, which performs election counts according to the single transferable vote (STV) algorithm. In an STV election count, ballots are allocated according to voters' preferences. As candidates are marked as "elected" or "excluded", ballots are allocated to the next preferences as expressed by the voters. If there is ever a tie, a coin toss is used to determine who is elected or excluded first.

In cases where a coin toss decides the order in which candidates are elected or excluded, the rest of the election count looks entirely different in either case. However, the vast majority of the time this makes no difference to who is finally elected. ProbabilityMeasure makes it easy to run the election count for both of the coin toss outcomes, keeping track of the differences while also easily identifying that the result is the same.

Cats and Circe instances

ProbabilityMeasure is a monad, and the probability-measure-cats dependency provides the appropriate Cats typeclasses.

The probability-measure-circe project provides encoders and decoders for Circe.