Use direct initialization in examples

Results in better error messages when used incorrectly

examples/0. Getting-Started/1.First-Output/1.First-Output.ino

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate an analog multiplexer
-CD74HC4051 mux = {
+CD74HC4051 mux {
   A0,       // Analog input pin
   {3, 4, 5} // Address pins S0, S1, S2
 };
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ CD74HC4051 mux = {
 // MIDI Control Change messages when you turn the
 // potentiometers connected to the eight input pins of
 // the multiplexer
-CCPotentiometer volumePotentiometers[] = {
+CCPotentiometer volumePotentiometers[] {
   {mux.pin(0), {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_1}},
   {mux.pin(1), {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_2}},
   {mux.pin(2), {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_3}},

examples/0. Getting-Started/2.First-Input/2.First-Input.ino

@@ -22,23 +22,23 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a shift register as output for the LEDs
-SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg = {
+SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg {
   SPI,      // SPI interface to use
   10,       // Latch pin (ST_CP)
   MSBFIRST, // Byte order
 };
 
 // Create an array of LEDs that listen to MIDI Note messages, turning on and off
 // the LEDs connected to the eight output pins of the shift register
-NoteLED leds[] = {
-  {sreg.pin(0), MIDI_Notes::C(4)}, // LED pin, address (note number, channel, cable)
-  {sreg.pin(1), MIDI_Notes::D(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(2), MIDI_Notes::E(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(3), MIDI_Notes::F_(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(4), MIDI_Notes::G(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(5), MIDI_Notes::A(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(6), MIDI_Notes::B(4)}, //
-  {sreg.pin(7), MIDI_Notes::C(5)}, //
+NoteLED leds[] {
+  {sreg.pin(0), MIDI_Notes::C(4)},  // LED pin, address (note number, channel, cable)
+  {sreg.pin(1), MIDI_Notes::D(4)},  //
+  {sreg.pin(2), MIDI_Notes::E(4)},  //
+  {sreg.pin(3), MIDI_Notes::F_(4)}, // F is an exception :(
+  {sreg.pin(4), MIDI_Notes::G(4)},  //
+  {sreg.pin(5), MIDI_Notes::A(4)},  //
+  {sreg.pin(6), MIDI_Notes::B(4)},  //
+  {sreg.pin(7), MIDI_Notes::C(5)},  //
 };
 
 // Initialize the Control Surface

examples/1. MIDI Output/1. Potentiometers & Faders/CCPotentiometer-Map/CCPotentiometer-Map.ino

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 // Create a new instance of the class `CCPotentiometer`, called `potentiometer`,
 // on pin A0, that sends MIDI messages with controller 7 (channel volume)
 // on channel 1.
-CCPotentiometer potentiometer = {
+CCPotentiometer potentiometer {
   A0, {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_1}
 };
 

examples/1. MIDI Output/1. Potentiometers & Faders/Control-Change-Potentiometer/Control-Change-Potentiometer.ino

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a CCPotentiometer object
-CCPotentiometer potentiometer = {
+CCPotentiometer potentiometer {
   A0,                                   // Analog pin connected to potentiometer
   {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_1}, // Channel volume of channel 1
 };

examples/1. MIDI Output/1. Potentiometers & Faders/Multiple-Control-Change-Potentiometers/Multiple-Control-Change-Potentiometers.ino

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate an array of CCPotentiometer objects
-CCPotentiometer potentiometers[] = {
+CCPotentiometer potentiometers[] {
   {A0,        // Analog pin connected to potentiometer 1
    0x10},     // Controller number of the first potentiometer
   {A1,        // Analog pin connected to potentiometer 2

examples/1. MIDI Output/1. Potentiometers & Faders/Pitch-Bend-Potentiometer/Pitch-Bend-Potentiometer.ino

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a PBPotentiometer object
-PBPotentiometer potentiometer = {
+PBPotentiometer potentiometer {
   A0,        // Analog pin connected to potentiometer
   CHANNEL_1, // MIDI Channel 1
 };

examples/1. MIDI Output/2. Buttons & Switches/1. Momentary Push Buttons/CCButton/CCButton.ino

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a CCButton object
-CCButton button = {
+CCButton button {
   // Push button on pin 5:
   5,
   // General Purpose Controller #1 on MIDI channel 1:

examples/1. MIDI Output/2. Buttons & Switches/1. Momentary Push Buttons/NoteButton/NoteButton.ino

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a NoteButton object
-NoteButton button = {
+NoteButton button {
   5,                       // Push button on pin 5
   {MIDI_Notes::C(4), CHANNEL_1}, // Note C4 on MIDI channel 1
 };

examples/1. MIDI Output/2. Buttons & Switches/1. Momentary Push Buttons/NoteButtonMatrix/NoteButtonMatrix.ino

@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // The note numbers corresponding to the buttons in the matrix
-const AddressMatrix<4, 3> addresses = {{
+const AddressMatrix<4, 3> addresses {{
   {1, 2, 3},
   {4, 5, 6},
   {7, 8, 9},
   {10, 11, 12},
 }};
 
-NoteButtonMatrix<4, 3> buttonmatrix = {
+NoteButtonMatrix<4, 3> buttonmatrix {
   {2, 3, 4, 5}, // row pins
   {6, 7, 8},    // column pins
   addresses,    // address matrix

examples/1. MIDI Output/2. Buttons & Switches/4. RelativeIncrementDecrement/CCIncrementDecrementButtons/CCIncrementDecrementButtons.ino

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a CCIncrementDecrementButtons object
-CCIncrementDecrementButtons buttons = {
+CCIncrementDecrementButtons buttons {
   {5, 6},              // Button pins: 5 increments, 6 decrements
   MCU::V_POT_1,        // Increment/Decrement CC address
   1,                   // Multiplier

examples/1. MIDI Output/3. Rotary Encoders/AbsoluteRotaryEncoder/AbsoluteRotaryEncoder.ino

@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a CCAbsoluteEncoder object
-CCAbsoluteEncoder enc = {
+CCAbsoluteEncoder enc {
   {2, 3},       // pins
   MIDI_CC::Pan, // MIDI address (CC number + optional channel)
   1,            // optional multiplier if the control isn't fast enough
 };
 
 // Similarly, for Pitch Bend
-//    PBAbsoluteEncoder enc = {
+//    PBAbsoluteEncoder enc {
 //      {2, 3},    // pins
 //      CHANNEL_1, // MIDI channel
 //      127,       // large multiplier because Pitch Bend has high resolution

examples/1. MIDI Output/3. Rotary Encoders/MCP23017-RotaryEncoder-Interrupts/MCP23017-RotaryEncoder-Interrupts.ino

@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ USBDebugMIDI_Interface midi;
 const uint8_t interrupt_pin = 12;
 
 // Create an object that manages the 8 encoders connected to the MCP23017.
-MCPEncoderType enc = {Wire, 0x0, interrupt_pin};
+MCPEncoderType enc {Wire, 0x0, interrupt_pin};
 //                    │     │    └─ Interrupt pin
 //                    │     └────── Address offset
 //                    └──────────── I²C interface
 
 // Instantiate 8 MIDI rotary encoders.
-CCMCPEncoder ccencoders[] = {
+CCMCPEncoder ccencoders[] {
   {
     enc[0],       // The encoder to use
     MCU::V_POT_1, // The MIDI address

examples/1. MIDI Output/3. Rotary Encoders/MCP23017-RotaryEncoder-No-Interrupts/MCP23017-RotaryEncoder-No-Interrupts.ino

@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ struct CCMCPEncoder : GenericMIDIRotaryEncoder<MCPEncoderType::MCP23017Encoder,
 USBDebugMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Create an object that manages the 8 encoders connected to the MCP23017.
-MCPEncoderType enc = {Wire, 0x0, 12};
+MCPEncoderType enc {Wire, 0x0, 12};
 //                    │     │    └─ Interrupt pin
 //                    │     └────── Address offset
 //                    └──────────── I²C interface
 
 // Instantiate 8 MIDI rotary encoders.
-CCMCPEncoder ccencoders[] = {
+CCMCPEncoder ccencoders[] {
   {
     enc[0],       // The encoder to use
     MCU::V_POT_1, // The MIDI address

examples/1. MIDI Output/3. Rotary Encoders/RotaryEncoder/RotaryEncoder/RotaryEncoder.ino

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a CCRotaryEncoder object
-CCRotaryEncoder enc = {
+CCRotaryEncoder enc {
   {2, 3},       // pins
   MCU::V_POT_1, // MIDI address (CC number + optional channel)
   1,            // optional multiplier if the control isn't fast enough

examples/1. MIDI Output/4. Program Changers/Bankable-ManyAddresses/ManyAddressesPCButton/ManyAddressesPCButton.ino

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 Bank<3> bank(4);
-IncrementDecrementSelector<3> bankSelector = {bank, {A0, A1}, Wrap::Clamp};
+IncrementDecrementSelector<3> bankSelector {bank, {A0, A1}, Wrap::Clamp};
 
 using namespace MIDI_PC;
 
-Bankable::ManyAddresses::PCButton<3> pcbuttons[] = {
+Bankable::ManyAddresses::PCButton<3> pcbuttons[] {
   {bank,
    2, // pin
    {

examples/1. MIDI Output/4. Program Changers/PCButton/PCButton.ino

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a PCButton that reads the input from a push button and sends out
 // a MIDI Program Change message when it's pressed.
-PCButton pcBtn = {
+PCButton pcBtn {
   2,                                 // pin
   {MIDI_PC::Steel_Drums, CHANNEL_1}, // address
 };

examples/1. MIDI Output/4. Program Changers/Program-Changer/Program-Changer.ino

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a program changer with 3 programs
-ProgramChanger<3> programChanger = {
+ProgramChanger<3> programChanger {
   {
     MIDI_PC::Acoustic_Grand_Piano, // list of programs
     MIDI_PC::Rock_Organ,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ ProgramChanger<3> programChanger = {
 
 // Instantiate a selector that reads three buttons and controls the program
 // changer
-ManyButtonsSelector<3> programSelector = {
+ManyButtonsSelector<3> programSelector {
   programChanger,
   {{2, 3, 4}},
 };

examples/1. MIDI Output/Other/MIDI-Controller-Finished-Example/MIDI-Controller-Finished-Example.ino

@@ -46,42 +46,42 @@ const int speedMultiplier = 1;
 
 Bank<2> bank(4); // A bank with four channels, and 2 bank settings
 
-Bankable::CCPotentiometer faders[] = {
+Bankable::CCPotentiometer faders[] {
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A0, {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_1}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A1, {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_2}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A2, {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_3}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A3, {MIDI_CC::Channel_Volume, CHANNEL_4}},
 };
 
-CCPotentiometer knobsTop[] = {
+CCPotentiometer knobsTop[] {
   {A4, MIDI_CC::General_Purpose_Controller_1},
   {A5, MIDI_CC::General_Purpose_Controller_2},
   {A6, MIDI_CC::General_Purpose_Controller_3},
   {A7, MIDI_CC::General_Purpose_Controller_4},
 };
 
-Bankable::CCPotentiometer knobsSide[] = {
+Bankable::CCPotentiometer knobsSide[] {
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A8, {MIDI_CC::Pan, CHANNEL_1}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A9, {MIDI_CC::Pan, CHANNEL_2}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A10, {MIDI_CC::Pan, CHANNEL_3}},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_CHANNEL}, A11, {MIDI_CC::Pan, CHANNEL_4}},
 };
 
-Bankable::NoteButtonLatching switches[] = {
+Bankable::NoteButtonLatching switches[] {
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_ADDRESS}, 2, MCU::MUTE_1},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_ADDRESS}, 3, MCU::MUTE_2},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_ADDRESS}, 5, MCU::MUTE_3},
   {{bank, BankType::CHANGE_ADDRESS}, 7, MCU::MUTE_4},
 };
 
-CCRotaryEncoder enc = {
+CCRotaryEncoder enc {
   {1, 0},                                // pins
   MIDI_CC::General_Purpose_Controller_5, // address
   speedMultiplier,                       // multiplier
   4,                                     // pulses per click
 };
 
-SwitchSelector selector = {bank, 11};
+SwitchSelector selector {bank, 11};
 
 void setup() {
   Control_Surface.begin();

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/1.Note-LED/1.Note-LED.ino

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate the LED that will light up when middle C is playing
-NoteLED led = {
+NoteLED led {
   LED_BUILTIN,                 // Pin of built-in LED
   {MIDI_Notes::C(4), CHANNEL_1}, // Note C4 on MIDI channel 1
 };

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/10.Note-FastLED-ColorMapper/10.Note-FastLED-ColorMapper.ino

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 #include <Control_Surface.h>
 
 // Define the array of leds.
-Array<CRGB, 8> leds = {};
+Array<CRGB, 8> leds {};
 // The data pin with the strip connected.
 constexpr uint8_t ledpin = 2;
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct RainbowColorMapper {
   }
 };
 
-NoteRangeFastLED<leds.length, RainbowColorMapper> midiled = {
+NoteRangeFastLED<leds.length, RainbowColorMapper> midiled {
   leds,
   MIDI_Notes::C(4),
 };

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/2.Note-Range-LEDs/2.Note-Range-LEDs.ino

@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@
 USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a shift register as output for the LEDs
-SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg = {
+SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg {
   SPI,      // SPI interface to use
   10,       // Latch pin (ST_CP)
   MSBFIRST, // Byte order
 };
 
 // Create a range of LEDs that listens for MIDI Note messages, turning on and off
 // the LEDs connected to the eight output pins of the shift register
-NoteRangeLEDs<8> leds = {sreg.pins(), MIDI_Notes::C(4)};
+NoteRangeLEDs<8> leds {sreg.pins(), MIDI_Notes::C(4)};
 
 // Initialize the Control Surface
 void setup() {

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/3.NoteLEDBar/3.NoteLEDBar.ino

@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@
 USBDebugMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate a shift register as output for the LEDs
-SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg = {
+SPIShiftRegisterOut<8> sreg {
   SPI,      // SPI interface to use
   10,       // Latch pin (ST_CP)
   MSBFIRST, // Byte order
 };
 
 // Create a LED bar driver that listens for MIDI Note C4 that drives
 // the LEDs connected to the eight output pins of the shift register
-NoteLEDBar<8> leds = { sreg.pins(), MIDI_Notes::C(4) };
+NoteLEDBar<8> leds { sreg.pins(), MIDI_Notes::C(4) };
 
 // Initialize the Control Surface
 void setup() {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ void loop() {
  * 2. You can use any type of pins for the LEDs, and in any combination.
  *    For example, if you want to use the normal Arduino pins 2-9:
  *    
- *      NoteLEDBar<8> leds = { 
+ *      NoteLEDBar<8> leds { 
  *          {{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}}, 
  *          MIDI_Notes::C(4), 
  *      };
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void loop() {
  *    
  *    You can even mix and match pins of different types:
  *    
- *      NoteLEDBar<8> leds = { 
+ *      NoteLEDBar<8> leds { 
  *          {{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, sreg.pin(0), sreg.pin(1) }},
  *          MIDI_Notes::C(4), 
  *      };

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/4.VULEDs/4.VULEDs.ino

@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 
 // Instantiate two daisy-chained shift register with the SPI slave select pin as
 // latch pin, most significant bit first, and a total of 16 outputs.
-SPIShiftRegisterOut<16> sreg = {SPI, SS, MSBFIRST};
+SPIShiftRegisterOut<16> sreg {SPI, SS, MSBFIRST};
 
 // Instantiate a VULEDs object with 12 LEDs.
-MCU::VULEDs<12> vu = {
+MCU::VULEDs<12> vu {
   sreg.pins().slice<0, 11>(), // first 12 pins of the shift registers
   1,                          // track number [1, 8]
   MCU::VUDecay::Default,      // how long does it take for the meter to decay
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ MCU::VULEDs<12> vu = {
 // If you don't want to use shift registers, you can just specify a list of pin
 // numbers:
 //
-//   MCU::VULEDs<12> vu = {
+//   MCU::VULEDs<12> vu {
 //     {{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}}, // Arduino pin numbers
 //     1,                      // track number [1, 8]
 //     MCU::VUDecay::Default,  // how long does it take for the meter to decay

examples/2. MIDI Input/1. LEDs/5.Note-LED-PWM/5.Note-LED-PWM.ino

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ USBMIDI_Interface midi;
 const pin_t ledPin = LED_BUILTIN; // Change this to your PWM pin <------
 
 // Instantiate the LED that will light up when middle C is playing
-NoteLEDPWM led = {
+NoteLEDPWM led {
   ledPin,                      // Pin of the LED, must be PWM pin
   {MIDI_Notes::C(4), CHANNEL_1}, // Note C4 on MIDI channel 1
 };