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# Internationalized Routing | ||
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<details> | ||
<summary><b>Examples</b></summary> | ||
<ul> | ||
<li><a href="https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/i18n-routing">i18n routing</a></li> | ||
</ul> | ||
</details> | ||
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Next.js has built-in support for internationalized ([i18n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization#Naming)) routing since `v10.0.0`. You can provide a list of locales, the default locale, and domain-specific locales and Next.js will automatically handle the routing. | ||
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The i18n routing support is currently meant to complement existing i18n library solutions like `react-intl`, `react-i18next`, `lingui`, `rosetta`, and others by streamlining the routes and locale parsing. | ||
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## Getting started | ||
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To get started, add the `i18n` config to your `next.config.js` file. | ||
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Locales are [UTS Locale Identifiers](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-59/tr35.html#Identifiers), a standardized format for defining locales. | ||
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Generally a Locale Identifier is made up of a language, region, and script separated by a dash: `language-region-script`. The region and script are optional. An example: | ||
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- `en-US` - English as spoken in the United States | ||
- `nl-NL` - Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands | ||
- `nl` - Dutch, no specific region | ||
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```js | ||
// next.config.js | ||
module.exports = { | ||
i18n: { | ||
// These are all the locales you want to support in | ||
// your application | ||
locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'], | ||
// This is the default locale you want to be used when visiting | ||
// a non-locale prefixed path e.g. `/hello` | ||
defaultLocale: 'en-US', | ||
// This is a list of locale domains and the default locale they | ||
// should handle (these are only required when setting up domain routing) | ||
domains: [ | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.com', | ||
defaultLocale: 'en-US', | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.nl', | ||
defaultLocale: 'nl-NL', | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.fr', | ||
defaultLocale: 'fr', | ||
}, | ||
], | ||
}, | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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## Locale Strategies | ||
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There are two locale handling strategies: Sub-path Routing and Domain Routing. | ||
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### Sub-path Routing | ||
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Sub-path Routing puts the locale in the url path. | ||
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```js | ||
// next.config.js | ||
module.exports = { | ||
i18n: { | ||
locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'], | ||
defaultLocale: 'en-US', | ||
}, | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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With the above configuration `en-US`, `fr`, and `nl-NL` will be available to be routed to, and `en-US` is the default locale. If you have a `pages/blog.js` the following urls would be available: | ||
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- `/blog` | ||
- `/fr/blog` | ||
- `/nl-nl/blog` | ||
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The default locale does not have a prefix. | ||
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### Domain Routing | ||
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By using domain routing you can configure locales to be served from different domains: | ||
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```js | ||
// next.config.js | ||
module.exports = { | ||
i18n: { | ||
locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'], | ||
defaultLocale: 'en-US', | ||
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domains: [ | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.com', | ||
defaultLocale: 'en-US', | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.fr', | ||
defaultLocale: 'fr', | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
domain: 'example.nl', | ||
defaultLocale: 'nl-NL', | ||
}, | ||
], | ||
}, | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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For example if you have `pages/blog.js` the following urls will be available: | ||
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- `example.com/blog` | ||
- `example.fr/blog` | ||
- `example.nl/blog` | ||
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## Automatic Locale Detection | ||
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When a user visits the application root (generally `/`), Next.js will try to automatically detect which locale the user prefers based on the [`Accept-Language`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Language) header and the current domain. | ||
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If a locale other than the default locale is detected, the user will be redirected to either: | ||
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- **When using Sub-path Routing:** The locale prefixed path | ||
- **When using Domain Routing:** The domain with that locale specified as the default | ||
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When using Domain Routing, if a user with the `Accept-Language` header `fr;q=0.9` visits `example.com`, they will be redirected to `example.fr` since that domain handles the `fr` locale by default. | ||
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When using Sub-path Routing, the user would be redirected to `/fr`. | ||
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## Accessing the locale information | ||
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You can access the locale information via the Next.js router. For example, using the [`useRouter()`](https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next/router#userouter) hook the following properties are available: | ||
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- `locale` contains the currently active locale. | ||
- `locales` contains all configured locales. | ||
- `defaultLocale` contains the configured default locale. | ||
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When [pre-rendering](/docs/basic-features/pages#static-generation-recommended) pages with `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps`, the locale information is provided in [the context](https://nextjs.org/docs/basic-features/data-fetching#getstaticprops-static-generation) provided to the function. | ||
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When leveraging `getStaticPaths`, the supported locales are provided in the context parameter of the function under `locales`. | ||
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## Transition between locales | ||
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You can use `next/link` or `next/router` to transition between locales. | ||
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For `next/link`, a `locale` prop can be provided to transition to a different locale from the currently active one. If no `locale` prop is provided, the currently active `locale` is used during client-transitions. For example: | ||
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```jsx | ||
import Link from 'next/link' | ||
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export default function IndexPage(props) { | ||
return ( | ||
<Link href="/another" locale="fr"> | ||
<a>To /fr/another</a> | ||
</Link> | ||
) | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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When using the `next/router` methods directly, you can specify the `locale` that should be used via the transition options. For example: | ||
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```jsx | ||
import { useRouter } from 'next/router' | ||
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export default function IndexPage(props) { | ||
const router = useRouter() | ||
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return ( | ||
<div | ||
onClick={() => { | ||
router.push('/another', '/another', { locale: 'fr' }) | ||
}} | ||
> | ||
to /fr/another | ||
</div> | ||
) | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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If you have a `href` that already includes the locale you can opt-out of automatically handling the locale prefixing: | ||
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```jsx | ||
import Link from 'next/link' | ||
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export default function IndexPage(props) { | ||
return ( | ||
<Link href="/fr/another" locale={false}> | ||
<a>To /fr/another</a> | ||
</Link> | ||
) | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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## Search Engine Optimization | ||
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Since Next.js knows what language the user is visiting it will automatically add the `lang` attribute to the `<html>` tag. | ||
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Next.js doesn't know about variants of a page so it's up to you to add the `hreflang` meta tags using [`next/head`](/docs/api-reference/next/head.md). You can learn more about `hreflang` in the [Google Webmasters documentation](https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077). | ||
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## How does this work with Static Generation? | ||
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### Automatically Statically Optimized Pages | ||
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For pages that are automatically statically optimized, a version of the page will be generated for each locale. | ||
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### Non-dynamic getStaticProps Pages | ||
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For non-dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, a version is generated for each locale like above. `getStaticProps` is called with each `locale` that is being rendered. If you would like to opt-out of a certain locale from being pre-rendered, you can return `notFound: true` from `getStaticProps` and this variant of the page will not be generated. | ||
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```js | ||
export async function getStaticProps({ locale }) { | ||
// Call an external API endpoint to get posts. | ||
// You can use any data fetching library | ||
const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts?locale=${locale}`) | ||
const posts = await res.json() | ||
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if (posts.length === 0) { | ||
return { | ||
notFound: true, | ||
} | ||
} | ||
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// By returning { props: posts }, the Blog component | ||
// will receive `posts` as a prop at build time | ||
return { | ||
props: { | ||
posts, | ||
}, | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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### Dynamic getStaticProps Pages | ||
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For dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, any locale variants of the page that is desired to be prerendered needs to be returned from [`getStaticPaths`](/docs/basic-features/data-fetching#getstaticpaths-static-generation). Along with the `params` object that can be returned for the `paths`, you can also return a `locale` field specifying which locale you want to render. For example: | ||
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```js | ||
// pages/blog/[slug].js | ||
export const getStaticPaths = ({ locales }) => { | ||
return { | ||
paths: [ | ||
{ params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'en-US' }, | ||
{ params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'fr' }, | ||
], | ||
fallback: true, | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` |
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--- | ||
description: Enable Image Optimization with the built-in Image component. | ||
--- | ||
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# next/image | ||
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<details> | ||
<summary><b>Examples</b></summary> | ||
<ul> | ||
<li><a href="https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/image-component">Image Component</a></li> | ||
</ul> | ||
</details> | ||
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> Before moving forward, we recommend you to read [Image Optimization](/docs/basic-features/image-optimization.md) first. | ||
Image Optimization can be enabled via the `Image` component exported by `next/image`. | ||
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For an example, consider a project with the following files: | ||
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- `pages/index.js` | ||
- `public/me.png` | ||
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We can serve an optimized image like so: | ||
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```jsx | ||
import Image from 'next/image' | ||
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function Home() { | ||
return ( | ||
<> | ||
<h1>My Homepage</h1> | ||
<Image | ||
src="/me.png" | ||
alt="Picture of the author" | ||
width={500} | ||
height={500} | ||
/> | ||
<p>Welcome to my homepage!</p> | ||
</> | ||
) | ||
} | ||
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export default Home | ||
``` | ||
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`Image` accepts the following props: | ||
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- `src` - The path or URL to the source image. This is required. | ||
- `width` - The intrinsic width of the source image in pixels. Must be an integer without a unit. Required unless `unsized` is true. | ||
- `height` - The intrinsic height of the source image, in pixels. Must be an integer without a unit. Required unless `unsized` is true. | ||
- `sizes` - Defines what proportion of the screen you expect the image to take up. Recommended, as it helps serve the correct sized image to each device. [More info](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img#attr-sizes). | ||
- `quality` - The quality of the optimized image, an integer between 1 and 100 where 100 is the best quality. Default 100. | ||
- `loading` - The loading behavior. When `lazy`, defer loading the image until it reaches a calculated distance from the viewport. When `eager`, load the image immediately. Default `lazy`. [More info](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img#attr-loading) | ||
- `priority` - When true, the image will be considered high priority and [preload](https://web.dev/preload-responsive-images/). | ||
- `unoptimized` - When true, the source image will be served as-is instead of resizing and changing quality. | ||
- `unsized` - When true, the `width` and `height` requirement can by bypassed. Should _not_ be used with above-the-fold images. Should _not_ be used with `priority`. | ||
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All other properties on the `<Image>` component will be passed to the underlying `<img>` element. |
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