schemadiff: temporal range partition rotation analysis and operation

[shlomi-noach]

Description

This PR introduces elaborate analysis and operations over temporal range partitioned tables.

Temporal range partitioned tables are tables with range partitions using any form of temporal value, ie:

• Using PARTITION BY RANGE COLUMNS (col_name) over a single column of type DATE or DATETIME
• Using PARTITION BY RANGE (temporal_func(col_name)) using one of several explicitly supported functions:
  • TO_SECONDS
  • TO_DAYS
  • YEARWEEK
  • YEAR
  • In 8.4: UNIX_TIMESTAMP and using a TIMESTAMP column

schemadiff then offers:

• AnalyzeTemporalRangePartitioning() returning TemporalRangePartitioningAnalysis, which determines whether the table is at all partitioned by RANGE, and can be considered as being temporal partitioned. Analysis includes the minimal rotation interval, the function used, if any, the column used, whether MAXVALUE is used, etc.
• TemporalRangePartitioningNextRotation(), given a table, interval, expected ahead-of-time partitions and time reference, returning a list of ALTER TABLE statements that prepare futuristic empty partitions, as needed. schemadiff analyzes the actual values in the table definition, whether these are DATE, DATETIME, or product of one of the supported functions, to determine which of the ahead-of-time partitions are already covered by existing schema, and which needs to be added.
  The function generates either ADD PARTITION or REORGANIZE PARTITION statements, based on whether MAXVALUE partition is present.
  There's a variety of conditions to make the function return an error: if the table is not temporal range partitioned, if the interval is invalid for the table, and more.
• TemporalRangePartitioningRetention(): given a table and an expiration time, this function returns a (possibly empty) ALTER TABLE DROP PARTITION ... statement dropping all expired partitions. Again, schemadiff computed the actual partition values whether explicit DATE, DATETIME or product of one of the supported functions.

Related Issue(s)

• Tracking: RFC: temporal partition rotation automation #17427
• Related: Tracking: Online DDL partitioning changes improved support #15674

Checklist

• "Backport to:" labels have been added if this change should be back-ported to release branches
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• Tests were added or are not required
• Did the new or modified tests pass consistently locally and on CI?
• Documentation was added or is not required

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 80.50420% with 116 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 67.69%. Comparing base (56b5c2a) to head (85f8588).
Report is 17 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
go/vt/schemadiff/partitioning_analysis.go	78.94%	116 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17426      +/-   ##
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+ Coverage   67.60%   67.69%   +0.08%     
==========================================
  Files        1581     1584       +3     
  Lines      253945   254897     +952     
==========================================
+ Hits       171670   172540     +870     
- Misses      82275    82357      +82     

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[shlomi-noach]

Now fully supporting weekly rotations, including all week modes, based on either requested interval or on a parsed YEARWEEK(... [,mode]) partitioning function.

[shlomi-noach]

Renamed as partitioning_analysis.go

[shlomi-noach]

Renamed as partitioning_analysis_test.go