git basics
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A good online book: Scott Chacon, Pro Git, APress, a Creative Commons book. Click here for french version.
Most useful git commands
To configure git, clone the gtk-fortran remote repository and build the default branch (--global means you use the same identity in all repos):
git config --global user.name "My name"
git config --global user.email "My@email"
git clone git@github.com:vmagnin/gtk-fortran.git
cd gtk-fortran
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make
To show the configuration:
git config --list
To list the remote repositories:
git remote -v
To see the settings of the remote repository:
git remote show origin
To update local repository from remote repository:
git fetch
To fetch and merge a local branch from remote repository:
git pull origin
git pull origin name_of_the_branch
git pull --all # Pull all commits from all remote branches
To rebase history:
git rebase name_of_the_branch
To delete a file:
git rm file.f90
To rename a file:
git mv oldname newname
To show all ignored files:
git status --ignored
To work on a branch:
git checkout name_of_the_branch # import the branch if it does not exist locally
git status
To list branches and show the current one:
git branch -a # all branches (both local and remote)
git branch -vv # show the latest commit in each branch and remote branches
git branch --sort=-committerdate # sorted by lattest commit
To create a new branch:
git branch newone # without checkout to this branch
git checkout -b newone # create then checkout to the new branch
To delete a local branch:
git branch -d name_of_the_branch
git branch -D name_of_the_branch # Forcing
To delete a remote branch (nothing before the ":"):
git push origin :name_of_the_branch
To rename a branch, locally and remotely:
git branch -m oldname newname
git push origin :oldname
git push --set-upstream origin newname
To merge a "foo" branch with the current branch:
git merge foo
git mergetool # to open a graphical tool to solve conflicts
git merge --abort # to abort a conflicting merge
git branch --merged # to show branches already merged
git branch --no-merged # to show branches not yet merged
To apply to the current branch one or more commit(s) from another branch:
git cherry-pick 9fceb02 # A new commit is automatically done
Before changing branch without committing current branch:
git stash # Stash uncommitted work (same as git stash push)
Other stash commands:
git stash show # Show what has been stashed
git stash pop # Unstash
git stash apply # Apply stashed changes
git stash list
git stash clear
To list files in the git index:
git ls-files
To stage a file:
git add file.f90
To unstage a file:
git restore --staged file.f90
To remove a file from the staging area and not track it:
git rm --cached file.f90
To obtain the differences:
git diff # Changes not yet staged
git diff --staged # Changes that will be in the next commit
git diff --check # Show files with conflicts
git diff gtk3 gtk4 # Diff between two branches
git diff gtk3 gtk4 -- cfwrapper.py # Diff in a file in two branches
git diff gtk3:examples/gtkhello2.f90 gtk4:examples/gtkhello2.f90 # another solution
git diff commit1..commit2
git diff --color-words # Diff at the words level, instead of lines
git diff --color-moved # With a specific color for moved lines
Before committing:
git diff --check # Provide warning for trailing whitespaces
To commit changes:
git commit # Commit the staged files (open a text editor for the message)
git commit -a -m "message about the commit" # stage and commit all the changes
git push origin name_of_the_branch # push a new branch on GitHub
To merge the last two commits:
git rebase -i HEAD~2
=> in the editor, replace the second "pick" word by "fixup"
To avoid committing some files (for example f90 and csv files):
git checkout -- *.f90 *.csv
To show all branches containing a commit:
git branch --contains e7dbb157
To undo something:
git checkout file.f90 # Revert file.f90 to the last committed version (to cancel modifications)
git commit --amend # Replace the last commit (just the message if nothing changed)
git revert 9fceb02 # Undo a commit (creates a new commit)
git reset HEAD file.f90 # To unstage the file.f90
git reset e7dbb157 # To undo the last commit and go back to the previous one e7dbb157
Commands concerning tags:
git tag v13.10 # Create a tag
git tag -a v13.10 -m "Version 13.10" # Create an annotated tag
git tag -a v13.10 9fceb02 # Create a tag for an old commit 9fceb02
git show v13.10 # Show the tag data
git push origin v13.10 # Push the tag to the server
git push origin --tags # To push all tags
git tag -d v13.10 # Delete a tag (not pushed)
git push origin :refs/tags/v13.10 # Delete a tag on the server
git tag --list
To view the commit history:
git log
git log -4 # Show the 4 last commits
git log --oneline # Short display
git log --graph # To see branches graphically
git log -p # Show the diff (patches)
git log --stat # Show the stats (insertions, deletions) for each file
git log --pretty=oneline # Show only the hash and the subject
git log --author=vmagnin
git log --after="2015-06-01" --before="2015-08-01"
git log --since=3.months
git log --grep "blabla" # Show only the commits whose title corresponds to the regex
git branch -v # Show last commit on each branch
git show 0a45f2b6 # Show the content of that commit
git log file.f90 # Show only logs concerning this file
git log -S "search a string in commits" # Or use -G instead if it includes a reGex
git log --merges # Show only the merge commits
git shortlog --since=10.months # The commits are grouped by author
git shortlog --sn # Statistics by author
To graphically visualize the history and solve problems:
gitk
To see when each line of a file has been last modified and by who:
git blame file.f90
To show the journal of commits and branches checkouts:
git reflog
git bisect start
git bisect bad HEAD # Lattest commit
git bisect good a1b2c3d4 # A commit before the bug was present
git bisect bad # Was the bug present or not at this commit?
git bisect good
git bisect reset # When the search is ended
git gc # Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository
git help
git help --guides
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