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Update sections on personal data and correlation risks.
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msporny committed Jun 2, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -2502,63 +2502,43 @@ <h2>Level of Assurance</h2>
<h1>Privacy Considerations</h1>

<p>
Since <a>controller documents</a> are designed to be administered
directly by the <a>controller</a>, it is critically important to apply
the principles of Privacy by Design [[PRIVACY-BY-DESIGN]] to all aspects of the
<a>decentralized identifier</a> architecture. All seven of these principles
have been applied throughout the development of this specification. The design
used in this specification does not assume that there is a registrar, hosting
company, nor other intermediate service provider to recommend or apply
additional privacy safeguards. Privacy in this specification is preventive,
not remedial, and is an embedded default. The following sections cover privacy
considerations that implementers might find useful when building systems that
utilize <a>controller documents</a>.
Since <a>controller documents</a> are designed to be administered directly by
the <a>controller</a>, it is critically important to apply the principles of
Privacy by Design [[PRIVACY-BY-DESIGN]] to all aspects of the
<a>controller document</a>. All seven of these principles have been applied
throughout the development of this specification. The design used in this
specification does not assume that there is a registrar, hosting company, nor
other intermediate service provider to recommend or apply additional privacy
safeguards. Privacy in this specification is preventive, not remedial, and is an
embedded default. The following sections cover privacy considerations that
implementers might find useful when building systems that utilize <a>controller
documents</a>.
</p>

<section>
<h2>Keep Personal Data Private</h2>

<p>
If a <a>DID method</a> specification is written for a public-facing
<a>verifiable data registry</a> where corresponding <a>DIDs</a> and <a>DID
documents</a> might be made publicly available, it is <em>critical</em> that
those <a>controller documents</a> contain no personal data. Personal data can instead
be transmitted through other means such as 1) Verifiable Credentials
[[?VC-DATA-MODEL]], or 2) <a>service endpoints</a> under control of the <a>DID
subject</a> or <a>DID controller</a>.
</p>

<p>
Due diligence is expected to be taken around the use of URLs in <a>service
endpoints</a> to prevent leakage of personal data or correlation within a URL of
a <a>service endpoint</a>. For example, a URL that contains a username is
dangerous to include in a <a>controller document</a> because the username is likely to
be human-meaningful in a way that can reveal information that the <a>DID
subject</a> did not consent to sharing. With the privacy architecture suggested
by this specification, personal data can be exchanged on a private, peer-to-peer
basis using communication channels identified and secured by <a>verification
methods</a> in <a>controller documents</a>. This also enables <a>DID subjects</a> and
requesting parties to implement the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation">GDPR</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten">right to be
forgotten</a>, because no personal data is written to an immutable
<a>distributed ledger</a>.
If a <a>controller document</a> is about a specific individual and is
public-facing, it is <em>critical</em> that the <a>controller documents</a>
contain no personal data. Personal data can instead be transmitted through other
means such as 1) [=verifiable credentials=] [[?VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]], or 2)
other private communication channels.
</p>
</section>

<section>
<h2>DID Correlation Risks</h2>
<h2>Identifier Correlation Risks</h2>

<p>
Like any type of globally unambiguous identifier, <a>DIDs</a> might be used for
correlation. <a>DID controllers</a> can mitigate this privacy risk by using
pairwise <a>DIDs</a> that are unique to each relationship; in effect, each
identifier acts as a pseudonym. A pairwise identifier need only be shared with
more than one party when correlation is explicitly desired. If pairwise
<a>DIDs</a> are the default, then the only need to publish an identifier openly,
or to share it with multiple parties, is when the <a
href="#dfn-did-controllers">DID controller(s)</a> and/or <a>DID subject</a>
explicitly desires public identification and correlation.
Globally unambiguous identifiers can be used for the purpose of correlation.
<a>Controllers</a> can mitigate this privacy risk by using pairwise identifiers
that are unique to each relationship; in effect, each identifier acts as a
pseudonym. A pairwise identifier need only be shared with more than one party
when correlation is explicitly desired. If pairwise identifiers are the default,
then the only need to publish an identifier openly, or to share it with multiple
parties, is when the <a>controllers</a> and/or <a>subjects</a> explicitly
desire public identification and correlation.
</p>
</section>

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