Updates ABI spec with hash based ids, versions and program type. (#596)

[#5151](FuelLabs/sway#5151)
[#5952](FuelLabs/sway#5952)
[#5954](FuelLabs/sway#5954)

Adds specification for how hashes based ids are generated from a string
representation of types.

Updates `json-abi-format.md` with versions, program type, and hash based
ids.

### Before requesting review
- [x] I have reviewed the code myself

### After merging, notify other teams

[Add or remove entries as needed]

- [ ] [Rust SDK](https://github.com/FuelLabs/fuels-rs/)
- [ ] [Typescript SDK](https://github.com/FuelLabs/fuels-ts/)
- [ ] [Sway compiler](https://github.com/FuelLabs/sway/)
- [ ] [Platform
documentation](https://github.com/FuelLabs/devrel-requests/issues/new?assignees=&labels=new+request&projects=&template=NEW-REQUEST.yml&title=%5BRequest%5D%3A+)
(for out-of-organization contributors, the person merging the PR will do
this)
- [ ] Someone else?

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
   - [Receipts](./abi/receipts.md)
   - [Function Selector Encoding](./abi/fn-selector-encoding.md)
   - [Argument Encoding](./abi/argument-encoding.md)
+  - [Hash Based Ids](./abi/hash-based-ids.md)
 - [FuelVM](./fuel-vm/index.md)
   - [Instruction Set](./fuel-vm/instruction-set.md)
 - [Networks](./networks/index.md)

src/abi/hash-based-ids.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Hash based IDs
+
+Hash based ids are deterministically generated from associated types and are used in the JSON ABI for `type` IDs and for `logId`.
+This document specifies how the hash based IDS are generated for `type` IDs and for `logId`.
+
+## Generation
+
+Hash based ids for `type` IDs are generated from the `sha256` of a string that represents the type.
+
+For `logIds` we use the first 8 bytes of the `sha256` of a string that represents the type, this is because the `LOG` and `LOGD` opcodes use a 64bit value as log id.
+
+## String representation of types
+
+For describing the string representation of type we will use the notation `{abi_str(T)}` that should be replaced by the respective ABI string representation of the respective type `T`.
+
+### Intrinsics
+
+ `u8`   => `"u8"`
+ `u16`  => `"u16"`
+ `u32`  => `"u32"`
+ `u64`  => `"u64"`
+ `u256` => `"u256"`
+ `b256` => `"b256"`
+ `bool` => `"bool"`
+
+### String arrays
+
+  String array of size `1` => `"str[1]"`
+  String array of size `2` => `"str[2]"`
+  etc.
+
+### String slices
+
+  String slice => `"str"`
+
+### Arrays
+
+ `[T; 1]` => `"[{abi_str(T)}; 1]"`
+ `[T; 2]` => `"[{abi_str(T)}; 2]"`
+etc.
+
+### Tuples
+
+ `()`      => `"()"`
+ `(T1)`    => `"({abi_str(T1)})"`
+ `(T1,T2)` => `"({abi_str(T1)}, {abi_str(T2)})"`
+etc.
+
+### Enums
+
+  `Option` enum with type parameter `T` => `"enum std::option::Option<{abi_str(T)}>"`
+  Enum without type parameters named `MyEnum` => `"enum MyEnum"`
+  Enum with type parameter `T1` named `MyEnum` => `"enum MyEnum<{abi_str(T1)}>"`
+  Enum with type parameters `T1`, `T2` named `MyEnum` in `my_module` => `"enum my_module::MyEnum<{abi_str(T1)},{abi_str(T2)}>"`
+
+### Structs
+
+  `Vec` struct with type parameter `T` => `"struct std::vec::Vec<{abi_str(T)}>"`
+  Struct without type parameters named `MyStruct` => `"struct MyStruct"`
+  Struct with type parameter `T1` named `MyStruct` => `"struct MyStruct<{abi_str(T1)}>"`
+  Struct with type parameters `T1`, `T2` named `MyStruct` in `my_module` => `"struct my_module::MyStruct<{abi_str(T1)},{abi_str(T2)}>"`
+
+### Generic Type Parameter
+
+ Generic type parameter `T` if root type => `"generic T"`
+ Generic type parameter `T` if not root type => `"T"` as in `"struct MyStruct<T>"`
+
+### Complex examples composition
+
+ Tuple of array and `u64` => `"([u64,1]; u64)"`
+ Array of `Option<u64>`=> `"[enum std::option::Option<u64>; 3]"`
+ Struct with tuple type parameter => `"struct my_module::MyStruct<(u64, u64)>"`

src/abi/index.md

@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ This document describes and specifies the ABI (Application Binary Interface) of
 - [Receipts](./receipts.md)
 - [Function Selector Encoding](./fn-selector-encoding.md)
 - [Argument Encoding](./argument-encoding.md)
+- [Hash Based Ids](./hash-based-ids.md)