Add floating wind technology

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ electricity:
     H2: 168
 
   extendable_carriers:
-    Generator: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, OCGT]
+    Generator: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT]
     StorageUnit: [] # battery, H2
     Store: [battery, H2]
     Link: [] # H2 pipeline
@@ -117,15 +117,15 @@ electricity:
   everywhere_powerplants: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
 
   conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, hydro]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, hydro]
 
   estimate_renewable_capacities:
     enable: true
     from_opsd: true
     year: 2020
     expansion_limit: false
     technology_mapping:
-      Offshore: [offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
+      Offshore: [offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
       Onshore: [onwind]
       PV: [solar]
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ renewable:
     luisa: false # [0, 5230]
     natura: true
     ship_threshold: 400
-    max_depth: 50
+    max_depth: 60
     max_shore_distance: 30000
     excluder_resolution: 200
     clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
@@ -209,10 +209,28 @@ renewable:
     luisa: false # [0, 5230]
     natura: true
     ship_threshold: 400
-    max_depth: 50
+    max_depth: 60
     min_shore_distance: 30000
     excluder_resolution: 200
     clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+  offwind-float:
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5
+    resource:
+      method: wind
+      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
+    # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
+    correction_factor: 0.8855
+    # proxy for wake losses
+    # from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
+    # until done more rigorously in #153
+    corine: [44, 255]
+    natura: true
+    ship_threshold: 400
+    excluder_resolution: 200
+    min_depth: 60
+    max_depth: 1000
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
   solar:
     cutout: europe-2013-sarah
     resource:
@@ -306,6 +324,7 @@ pypsa_eur:
   - onwind
   - offwind-ac
   - offwind-dc
+  - offwind-float
   - solar
   - ror
   - nuclear
@@ -851,6 +870,7 @@ plotting:
     CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
     offwind-ac: "Offshore Wind (AC)"
     offwind-dc: "Offshore Wind (DC)"
+    offwind-float: "Offshore Wind (Floating)"
     onwind: "Onshore Wind"
     solar: "Solar"
     PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
@@ -875,6 +895,9 @@ plotting:
     offwind-dc: "#74c6f2"
     offshore wind (DC): "#74c6f2"
     offshore wind dc: "#74c6f2"
+    offwind-float: "#b5e2fa"
+    offshore wind (Float): "#b5e2fa"
+    offshore wind float: "#b5e2fa"
     # water
     hydro: '#298c81'
     hydro reservoir: '#298c81'

config/test/config.electricity.yaml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 
 atlite:
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ renewable:
   offwind-dc:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
     max_depth: false
+  offwind-float:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+    max_depth: false
+    min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 

config/test/config.myopic.yaml

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 atlite:
   default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ renewable:
   offwind-dc:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
     max_depth: false
+  offwind-float:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+    max_depth: false
+    min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 

config/test/config.overnight.yaml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 atlite:
   default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ renewable:
   offwind-dc:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
     max_depth: false
+  offwind-float:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+    max_depth: false
+    min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 

config/test/config.perfect.yaml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ electricity:
     Store: [H2]
     Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
-  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
+  renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
 
 sector:
   min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ renewable:
   offwind-dc:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
     max_depth: false
+  offwind-float:
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+    max_depth: false
+    min_depth: false
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 

doc/configtables/electricity.csv

@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ everywhere_powerplants,--,"Any subset of {nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignit
 ,,,
 conventional_carriers,--,"Any subset of {nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass}","List of conventional power plants to include in the model from ``resources/powerplants.csv``. If an included carrier is also listed in ``extendable_carriers``, the capacity is taken as a lower bound."
 ,,,
-renewable_carriers,--,"Any subset of {solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, hydro}",List of renewable generators to include in the model.
+renewable_carriers,--,"Any subset of {solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, hydro}",List of renewable generators to include in the model.
 estimate_renewable_capacities,,,
 -- enable,,bool,Activate routine to estimate renewable capacities
 -- from_opsd,--,bool,Add renewable capacities from `OPSD database <https://data.open-power-system-data.org/renewable_power_plants/2020-08-25>`_. The value is depreciated but still can be used.
 -- year,--,bool,Renewable capacities are based on existing capacities reported by IRENA (IRENASTAT) for the specified year
 -- expansion_limit,--,float or false,"Artificially limit maximum IRENA capacities to a factor.  For example, an ``expansion_limit: 1.1`` means 110% of capacities . If false are chosen, the estimated renewable potentials determine by the workflow are used."
 -- technology_mapping,,,Mapping between PyPSA-Eur and powerplantmatching technology names
--- -- Offshore,--,"Any subset of {offwind-ac, offwind-dc}","List of PyPSA-Eur carriers that is considered as (IRENA, OPSD) onshore technology."
+-- -- Offshore,--,"Any subset of {offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float}","List of PyPSA-Eur carriers that is considered as (IRENA, OPSD) onshore technology."
 -- -- Offshore,--,{onwind},"List of PyPSA-Eur carriers that is considered as (IRENA, OPSD) offshore technology."
 -- -- PV,--,{solar},"List of PyPSA-Eur carriers that is considered as (IRENA, OPSD) PV technology."
 autarky,,,

doc/configuration.rst

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Top-level configuration
 .. _run_cf:
 
 ``run``
-=======
+=============
 
 It is common conduct to analyse energy system optimisation models for **multiple scenarios** for a variety of reasons,
 e.g. assessing their sensitivity towards changing the temporal and/or geographical resolution or investigating how
@@ -265,17 +265,33 @@ Define and specify the ``atlite.Cutout`` used for calculating renewable potentia
 .. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml
    :language: yaml
    :start-at:   offwind-dc:
-   :end-before:   solar:
+   :end-before:   offwind-float:
 
 .. csv-table::
    :header-rows: 1
    :widths: 22,7,22,33
    :file: configtables/offwind-dc.csv
 
 .. note::
-   both ``offwind-ac`` and ``offwind-dc`` have the same assumption on
+   Both ``offwind-ac`` and ``offwind-dc`` have the same assumption on
    ``capacity_per_sqkm`` and ``correction_factor``.
 
+``offwind-float``
+---------------
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml
+   :language: yaml
+   :start-at:   offwind-float:
+   :end-before:   solar:
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header-rows: 1
+   :widths: 22,7,22,33
+   :file: configtables/offwind-float.csv
+
+.. note::
+   ``offwind-ac``,  ``offwind-dc`` , ``offwind-float`` have the same assumption on
+   ``capacity_per_sqkm`` and ``correction_factor``.
 ``solar``
 ---------------
 

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ Release Notes
 
 Upcoming Release
 ================
+* Add floating wind technology for water depths below 60m
+
 * Group existing capacities to the earlier grouping_year for consistency with optimized capacities.
 
 * Update data bundle:

doc/wildcards.rst

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ The ``{technology}`` wildcard
 
 The ``{technology}`` wildcard specifies for which renewable energy technology to produce availability time
 series and potentials using the rule :mod:`build_renewable_profiles`.
-It can take the values ``onwind``, ``offwind-ac``, ``offwind-dc``, and ``solar`` but **not** ``hydro``
-(since hydroelectric plant profiles are created by a different rule).
+It can take the values ``onwind``, ``offwind-ac``, ``offwind-dc``, ``offwind-float``, and ``solar`` but **not** ``hydro``
+(since hydroelectric plant profiles are created by a different rule)``
 
 .. _simpl:
 

rules/build_electricity.smk

@@ -248,7 +248,10 @@ rule build_renewable_profiles:
         gebco=ancient(
             lambda w: (
                 "data/bundle/gebco/GEBCO_2014_2D.nc"
-                if config_provider("renewable", w.technology)(w).get("max_depth")
+                if (
+                    config_provider("renewable", w.technology)(w).get("max_depth")
+                    or config_provider("renewable", w.technology)(w).get("min_depth")
+                )
                 else []
             )
         ),

rules/build_sector.smk

@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ rule build_existing_heating_distribution:
 def input_profile_offwind(w):
     return {
         f"profile_{tech}": resources(f"profile_{tech}.nc")
-        for tech in ["offwind-ac", "offwind-dc"]
+        for tech in ["offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]
         if (tech in config_provider("electricity", "renewable_carriers")(w))
     }
 

scripts/build_renewable_profiles.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
     renewable:
         {technology}:
-            cutout: corine: luisa: grid_codes: distance: natura: max_depth:
+            cutout: corine: luisa: grid_codes: distance: natura: max_depth: min_depth:
             max_shore_distance: min_shore_distance: capacity_per_sqkm:
             correction_factor: min_p_max_pu: clip_p_max_pu: resource:
 
@@ -284,6 +284,12 @@
         func = functools.partial(np.greater, -params["max_depth"])
         excluder.add_raster(snakemake.input.gebco, codes=func, crs=4326, nodata=-1000)
 
+    if params.get("min_depth"):
+        func = functools.partial(np.greater, -params["min_depth"])
+        excluder.add_raster(
+            snakemake.input.gebco, codes=func, crs=4326, nodata=-1000, invert=True
+        )
+
     if "min_shore_distance" in params:
         buffer = params["min_shore_distance"]
         excluder.add_geometry(snakemake.input.country_shapes, buffer=buffer)

scripts/plot_summary.py

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ def rename_techs(label):
         "offwind": "offshore wind",
         "offwind-ac": "offshore wind (AC)",
         "offwind-dc": "offshore wind (DC)",
+        "offwind-float": "offshore wind (Float)",
         "onwind": "onshore wind",
         "ror": "hydroelectricity",
         "hydro": "hydroelectricity",

scripts/solve_network.py

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def check_p_min_p_max(p_nom_max):
 def _add_land_use_constraint(n):
     # warning: this will miss existing offwind which is not classed AC-DC and has carrier 'offwind'
 
-    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc"]:
+    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
         extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
         n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n, planning_horizons, config):
     grouping_years = config["existing_capacities"]["grouping_years_power"]
     current_horizon = snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
 
-    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc"]:
+    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
         extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
         n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0