Add a function for cubic spline interpolation

pyomo/contrib/cspline_external/__init__.py

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+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+#
+#  Pyomo: Python Optimization Modeling Objects
+#  Copyright (c) 2008-2025
+#  National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC
+#  Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with National Technology and
+#  Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, the U.S. Government retains certain
+#  rights in this software.
+#  This software is distributed under the 3-clause BSD License.
+#  ___________________________________________________________________________

pyomo/contrib/cspline_external/build.py

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+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+#
+#  Pyomo: Python Optimization Modeling Objects
+#  Copyright (c) 2008-2025
+#  National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC
+#  Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with National Technology and
+#  Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, the U.S. Government retains certain
+#  rights in this software.
+#  This software is distributed under the 3-clause BSD License.
+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+
+import sys
+from pyomo.common.cmake_builder import build_cmake_project
+
+
+def build_cspline_external(user_args=[], parallel=None):
+    return build_cmake_project(
+        targets=["src"],
+        package_name="cspline_1d_external",
+        description="ASL external cubic spline interpolation function library",
+        user_args=["-DBUILD_AMPLASL_IF_NEEDED=ON"] + user_args,
+        parallel=parallel,
+    )
+
+
+class ASLCsplineExternalBuilder(object):
+    def __call__(self, parallel):
+        return build_cspline_external(parallel=parallel)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    build_cspline_external(sys.argv[1:])

pyomo/contrib/cspline_external/cspline_parameters.py

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+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+#
+#  Pyomo: Python Optimization Modeling Objects
+#  Copyright (c) 2008-2025
+#  National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC
+#  Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with National Technology and
+#  Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, the U.S. Government retains certain
+#  rights in this software.
+#  This software is distributed under the 3-clause BSD License.
+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+
+from pyomo.common.dependencies import numpy as np
+import pyomo.environ as pyo
+
+
+def _f_cubic(x, alpha, s=None):
+    """
+    Cubic function:
+        y = a1 + a2 * x + a3 * x^2 + a4 * x^3
+
+    Optionally if s is provided it is a segment index.
+        y = a1[s] + a2[s] * x + a3[s] * x^2 + a4[s] * x^3
+
+    This is used to write constraints more compactly.
+
+    Args:
+        x: x variable, numeric, numpy array, or Pyomo component
+        alpha: cubic parameters, numeric or Pyomo component
+        s: optional segment index
+
+    Returns:
+        Pyomo expression, numpy array, or float
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        return alpha[1] + alpha[2] * x + alpha[3] * x**2 + alpha[4] * x**3
+    return alpha[s, 1] + alpha[s, 2] * x + alpha[s, 3] * x**2 + alpha[s, 4] * x**3
+
+
+def _fx_cubic(x, alpha, s=None):
+    """
+    Cubic function first derivative:
+        dy/dx = a2 + 2 * a3 * x + 3 * a4 * x^2
+
+    Optionally if s is provided it is a segment index.
+        dy/dx = a2[s] + 2 * a3[s] * x + 3 * a4[s] * x^2
+
+    This is used to write constraints more compactly.
+
+    Args:
+        x: x variable, numeric, numpy array, or Pyomo component
+        alpha: cubic parameters, numeric or Pyomo component
+        s: optional segment index
+
+    Returns:
+        Pyomo expression, numpy array, or float
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        return alpha[2] + 2 * alpha[3] * x + 3 * alpha[4] * x**2
+    return alpha[s, 2] + 2 * alpha[s, 3] * x + 3 * alpha[s, 4] * x**2
+
+
+def _fxx_cubic(x, alpha, s=None):
+    """
+    Cubic function second derivative:
+        d2y/dx2 = 2 * a3 + 6 * a4 * x
+
+    Optionally if s is provided it is a segment index.
+        d2y/dx2 = 2 * a3[s] + 6 * a4[s] * x
+
+    This is used to write constraints more compactly.
+
+    Args:
+        x: x variable, numeric, numpy array, or Pyomo component
+        alpha: cubic parameters, numeric or Pyomo component
+        s: optional segment index
+
+    Returns:
+        Pyomo expression, numpy array, or float
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        return 2 * alpha[3] + 6 * alpha[4] * x
+    return 2 * alpha[s, 3] + 6 * alpha[s, 4] * x
+
+
+class CsplineParameters:
+    def __init__(self, model=None, fptr=None):
+        """Cubic spline parameters class.  This can be used to read and
+        write parameters or calculate cubic spline function values and
+        derivatives for testing.
+        """
+        if model is not None and fptr is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Please specify at most one of model or fptr.")
+        if model is not None:
+            self.get_parameters_from_model(model)
+        elif fptr is not None:
+            self.get_parameters_from_file(fptr)
+        else:
+            self.knots = np.array([])
+            self.a1 = np.array([])
+            self.a2 = np.array([])
+            self.a3 = np.array([])
+            self.a4 = np.array([])
+
+    @property
+    def n_knots(self):
+        """Number of knots"""
+        return len(self.knots)
+
+    @property
+    def n_segments(self):
+        """Number of segments"""
+        return len(self.knots) - 1
+
+    @property
+    def valid(self):
+        """Ensure that the number of knots and cubic parameters is valid"""
+        return (
+            len(self.a1) == self.n_segments
+            and len(self.a2) == self.n_segments
+            and len(self.a3) == self.n_segments
+            and len(self.a4) == self.n_segments
+        )
+
+    def get_parameters_from_model(self, m):
+        """Read parameters from a Pyomo model used to calculate them"""
+        self.knots = [pyo.value(x) for x in m.x.values()]
+        self.a1 = [None] * len(m.seg_idx)
+        self.a2 = [None] * len(m.seg_idx)
+        self.a3 = [None] * len(m.seg_idx)
+        self.a4 = [None] * len(m.seg_idx)
+        for s in m.seg_idx:
+            self.a1[s - 1] = pyo.value(m.alpha[s, 1])
+            self.a2[s - 1] = pyo.value(m.alpha[s, 2])
+            self.a3[s - 1] = pyo.value(m.alpha[s, 3])
+            self.a4[s - 1] = pyo.value(m.alpha[s, 4])
+        self.knots = np.array(self.knots)
+        self.a1 = np.array(self.a1)
+        self.a2 = np.array(self.a2)
+        self.a3 = np.array(self.a3)
+        self.a4 = np.array(self.a4)
+
+    def get_parameters_from_file(self, fptr):
+        """Read parameters from a file"""
+        # line 1: number of segments
+        ns = int(fptr.readline())
+        # Make param lists
+        self.knots = [None] * (ns + 1)
+        self.a1 = [None] * ns
+        self.a2 = [None] * ns
+        self.a3 = [None] * ns
+        self.a4 = [None] * ns
+        # Read params
+        for i in range(ns + 1):
+            self.knots[i] = float(fptr.readline())
+        for a in [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4]:
+            for i in range(ns):
+                a[i] = float(fptr.readline())
+        self.knots = np.array(self.knots)
+        self.a1 = np.array(self.a1)
+        self.a2 = np.array(self.a2)
+        self.a3 = np.array(self.a3)
+        self.a4 = np.array(self.a4)
+
+    def write_parameters(self, fptr):
+        """Write parameters to a file"""
+        assert self.valid
+        fptr.write(f"{self.n_segments}\n")
+        for l in [self.knots, self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4]:
+            for x in l:
+                fptr.write(f"{x}\n")
+
+    def segment(self, x):
+        """Get the spline segment containing x.
+
+        Args:
+            x: location, float or numpy array
+
+        Returns:
+            segment(s) containing x, if x is a numpy array a numpy
+            array of integers is returned otherwise return an integer
+        """
+        s = np.searchsorted(self.knots, x)
+        # If x is past the last knot, use the last segment
+        # this could happen just due to round-off even if
+        # you don't intend to extrapolate
+        s[s >= self.n_segments] = self.n_segments - 1
+        return s
+
+    def f(self, x):
+        """Get f(x)
+
+        Args:
+            x: location, numpy array float
+
+        Returns:
+            f(x) numpy array if x is numpy array or float
+        """
+        s = self.segment(x)
+        return self.a1[s] + self.a2[s] * x + self.a3[s] * x**2 + self.a4[s] * x**3
+
+
+def cubic_parameters_model(
+    x_data,
+    y_data,
+    x_knots=None,
+    end_point_constraint=True,
+    objective_form=False,
+    name="cubic spline parameters model",
+):
+    """Create a Pyomo model to calculate parameters for a cubic spline.  By default
+    this creates a square linear model, but optionally it can leave off the endpoint
+    second derivative constraints and add an objective function for fitting data
+    instead.  The purpose of the alternative least squares form is to allow the spline
+    to be constrained in other ways that don't require a perfect data match. The knots
+    don't need to be the same as the x data to allow, for example, additional segments
+    for extrapolation. This is not the most computationally efficient way to calculate
+    parameters, but since it is used to precalculate parameters, speed is not important.
+
+    Args:
+        x_data: sorted list of x data
+        y_data: list of y data
+        x_knots: optional sorted list of knots (default is to use x_data)
+        end_point_constraint: if True add constraint that second derivative = 0 at
+            endpoints (default=True)
+        objective_form: if True write a least squares objective rather than constraints
+            to match data (default=False)
+        name: optional model name
+
+    Returns:
+        Pyomo ConcreteModel
+    """
+    n_data = len(x_data)
+    assert n_data == len(y_data)
+    if x_knots is None:
+        n_knots = n_data
+        x_knots = x_data
+    else:
+        n_knots = len(x_knots)
+
+    m = pyo.ConcreteModel(name=name)
+    # Sets of indexes for knots, segments, and data
+    m.knt_idx = pyo.RangeSet(n_knots)
+    m.seg_idx = pyo.RangeSet(n_knots - 1)
+    m.dat_idx = pyo.RangeSet(n_data)
+
+    m.x_data = pyo.Param(m.dat_idx, initialize={i + 1: x for i, x in enumerate(x_data)})
+    m.y_data = pyo.Param(m.dat_idx, initialize={i + 1: x for i, x in enumerate(y_data)})
+    m.x = pyo.Param(m.knt_idx, initialize={i + 1: x for i, x in enumerate(x_knots)})
+    m.alpha = pyo.Var(m.seg_idx, {1, 2, 3, 4}, initialize=1)
+
+    # f_s(x) = f_s+1(x)
+    @m.Constraint(m.seg_idx)
+    def y_eqn(blk, s):
+        if s == m.seg_idx.last():
+            return pyo.Constraint.Skip
+        return _f_cubic(m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s) == _f_cubic(m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s + 1)
+
+    # f'_s(x) = f'_s+1(x)
+    @m.Constraint(m.seg_idx)
+    def yx_eqn(blk, s):
+        if s == m.seg_idx.last():
+            return pyo.Constraint.Skip
+        return _fx_cubic(m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s) == _fx_cubic(
+            m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s + 1
+        )
+
+    # f"_s(x) = f"_s+1(x)
+    @m.Constraint(m.seg_idx)
+    def yxx_eqn(blk, s):
+        if s == m.seg_idx.last():
+            return pyo.Constraint.Skip
+        return _fxx_cubic(m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s) == _fxx_cubic(
+            m.x[s + 1], m.alpha, s + 1
+        )
+
+    # Identify segments used to predict y_data at each x_data.  We use search in
+    # instead of a dict lookup, since we don't want to require the data to be at
+    # the knots, even though that is almost always the case.
+    idx = np.searchsorted(x_knots, x_data)
+
+    if end_point_constraint:
+        add_endpoint_second_derivative_constraints(m)
+
+    # Expression for difference between data and prediction
+    @m.Expression(m.dat_idx)
+    def ydiff(blk, d):
+        s = idx[d - 1] + 1
+        if s >= m.seg_idx.last():
+            s -= 1
+        return m.y_data[d] - _f_cubic(m.x_data[d], m.alpha, s)
+
+    if objective_form:
+        # least squares objective
+        m.obj = pyo.Objective(expr=sum(m.ydiff[d] ** 2 for d in m.dat_idx))
+    else:
+
+        @m.Constraint(m.dat_idx)
+        def match_data(blk, d):
+            return m.ydiff[d] == 0
+
+    return m
+
+
+def add_endpoint_second_derivative_constraints(m):
+    """Usually cubic splines use the endpoint constraints that the second
+    derivative is zero.  This function adds those constraints to a model
+    """
+
+    @m.Constraint([m.seg_idx.first(), m.seg_idx.last()])
+    def yxx_endpoint_eqn(blk, s):
+        if s == m.seg_idx.last():
+            j = m.knt_idx.last()
+        else:
+            j = s
+        return _fxx_cubic(m.x[j], m.alpha, s) == 0

pyomo/contrib/cspline_external/plugins.py

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+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+#
+#  Pyomo: Python Optimization Modeling Objects
+#  Copyright (c) 2008-2025
+#  National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC
+#  Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with National Technology and
+#  Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, the U.S. Government retains certain
+#  rights in this software.
+#  This software is distributed under the 3-clause BSD License.
+#  ___________________________________________________________________________
+
+from pyomo.common.extensions import ExtensionBuilderFactory
+from pyomo.contrib.cspline_external.build import ASLCsplineExternalBuilder
+
+
+def load():
+    ExtensionBuilderFactory.register("cspline_external")(ASLCsplineExternalBuilder)