Support for backends with defective qubits and gates (#4110)

* initial commit

* faulty qubit insertion

* operational False

* pruned coupling map

* no gate operation parameter for now

* faulty gate

* fake_ourense_faulty_cx13

* testing of the fake backends

* a test

* disconnected coupling map

* add fault register at the end

* transform the circuit into the faulty backend

* simulators do not have properties

* assertIdleQ1

* assertEqualCount

* remove faulty qubtis from properties

* backend_property for faulty qubits

* adapt Layout2qDistance to disconnected coupling map

* remove _create_qreg

* assuming coupling map

* layout with disconnected qubits

* test for faulty gate

* support for faulty gate

* remove gates when they are faulty from the backend properties

* test

* unused import

* new fault backend

* test

* take the largest connected component

* lint

* adjust test

* lint

* lint1

* lint2

* lint3

* lint4

* lint5

* _parse_initial_layout

* initial layot support

* TestFaultyCX13

* more testing

* cm -> context

* Update qiskit/providers/models/backendproperties.py

Co-authored-by: Ali Javadi-Abhari <ajavadia@users.noreply.github.com>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Ali Javadi-Abhari <ajavadia@users.noreply.github.com>

* mv qiskit/test/mock/backends/ourense/fake_ourense_faulty* to test/python/providers/faulty_backends.py

* cleaning up

* lint

* moving faulty_qubits and faulty_gates to properties

* another fix

* lint

Co-authored-by: Ali Javadi-Abhari <ajavadia@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: mergify[bot] <37929162+mergify[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

qiskit/circuit/quantumcircuit.py

@@ -1460,6 +1460,18 @@ def _create_creg(self, length, name):
  new_creg = ClassicalRegister(length, name)
  return new_creg
 
+ def _create_qreg(self, length, name):
+ """ Creates a qreg, checking if QuantumRegister with same name exists
+ """
+ if name in [qreg.name for qreg in self.qregs]:
+ save_prefix = QuantumRegister.prefix
+ QuantumRegister.prefix = name
+ new_qreg = QuantumRegister(length)
+ QuantumRegister.prefix = save_prefix
+ else:
+ new_qreg = QuantumRegister(length, name)
+ return new_qreg
+
  def measure_active(self, inplace=True):
  """Adds measurement to all non-idle qubits. Creates a new ClassicalRegister with
  a size equal to the number of non-idle qubits being measured.

qiskit/compiler/transpile.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
 from qiskit.providers import BaseBackend
 from qiskit.providers.models import BackendProperties
+from qiskit.providers.models.backendproperties import Gate
 from qiskit.transpiler import Layout, CouplingMap, PropertySet, PassManager
 from qiskit.transpiler.basepasses import BasePass
 from qiskit.dagcircuit import DAGCircuit
@@ -29,7 +30,8 @@
 from qiskit.circuit.quantumregister import Qubit
 from qiskit import user_config
 from qiskit.transpiler.exceptions import TranspilerError
-from qiskit.converters import isinstanceint, isinstancelist
+from qiskit.transpiler.passes import ApplyLayout
+from qiskit.converters import isinstanceint, isinstancelist, dag_to_circuit, circuit_to_dag
 from qiskit.transpiler.passes.basis.ms_basis_decomposer import MSBasisDecomposer
 from qiskit.transpiler.preset_passmanagers import (level_0_pass_manager,
  level_1_pass_manager,
@@ -201,17 +203,20 @@ def callback_func(**kwargs):
  config = user_config.get_config()
  optimization_level = config.get('transpile_optimization_level', 1)
 
+ faulty_qubits_map = _create_faulty_qubits_map(backend)
+
  # Get transpile_args to configure the circuit transpilation job(s)
  transpile_args = _parse_transpile_args(circuits, backend, basis_gates, coupling_map,
  backend_properties, initial_layout,
  layout_method, routing_method, translation_method,
  seed_transpiler, optimization_level,
- callback, output_name)
+ callback, output_name, faulty_qubits_map)
 
  _check_circuits_coupling_map(circuits, transpile_args, backend)
 
  # Transpile circuits in parallel
- circuits = parallel_map(_transpile_circuit, list(zip(circuits, transpile_args)))
+ circuits = parallel_map(_transpile_circuit, list(zip(circuits, transpile_args)),
+ task_args=(faulty_qubits_map, backend))
 
  if len(circuits) == 1:
  end_time = time()
@@ -256,18 +261,23 @@ def _log_transpile_time(start_time, end_time):
  LOG.info(log_msg)
 
 
-def _transpile_circuit(circuit_config_tuple: Tuple[QuantumCircuit, Dict]) -> QuantumCircuit:
+def _transpile_circuit(circuit_config_tuple: Tuple[QuantumCircuit, Dict],
+ faulty_qubits_map: [None, Dict], backend) -> QuantumCircuit:
  """Select a PassManager and run a single circuit through it.
  Args:
  circuit_config_tuple (tuple):
  circuit (QuantumCircuit): circuit to transpile
  transpile_config (dict): configuration dictating how to transpile. The
  dictionary has the following format:
  {'optimization_level': int,
- 'pass_manager': PassManager,
  'output_name': string,
  'callback': callable,
  'pass_manager_config': PassManagerConfig}
+ faulty_qubits_map (dict or None): Only used when backends report faulty qubits/gates. It
+ is a map from working qubit in the backend to dumnmy qubits that are consecutive
+ and connected.
+ backend (BaseBackend or None): The backend with remap the circuit if it has faulty
+ qubits/gates.
  Returns:
  The transpiled circuit
  Raises:
@@ -308,15 +318,73 @@ def _transpile_circuit(circuit_config_tuple: Tuple[QuantumCircuit, Dict]) -> Qua
  if ms_basis_swap is not None:
  pass_manager.append(MSBasisDecomposer(ms_basis_swap))
 
- return pass_manager.run(circuit, callback=transpile_config['callback'],
- output_name=transpile_config['output_name'])
+ result = pass_manager.run(circuit, callback=transpile_config['callback'],
+ output_name=transpile_config['output_name'])
+
+ if faulty_qubits_map:
+ return _remap_circuit_faulty_backend(result, backend, faulty_qubits_map)
+
+ return result
+
+
+def _remap_circuit_faulty_backend(circuit, backend, faulty_qubits_map):
+ faulty_qubits = backend.properties().faulty_qubits() if backend.properties() else []
+ disconnected_qubits = {k for k, v in faulty_qubits_map.items()
+ if v is None}.difference(faulty_qubits)
+ faulty_qubits_map_reverse = {v: k for k, v in faulty_qubits_map.items()}
+ if faulty_qubits:
+ faulty_qreg = circuit._create_qreg(len(faulty_qubits), 'faulty')
+ else:
+ faulty_qreg = []
+ if disconnected_qubits:
+ disconnected_qreg = circuit._create_qreg(len(disconnected_qubits), 'disconnected')
+ else:
+ disconnected_qreg = []
+
+ new_layout = Layout()
+ faulty_qubit = 0
+ disconnected_qubit = 0
+
+ for real_qubit in range(backend.configuration().n_qubits):
+ if faulty_qubits_map[real_qubit] is not None:
+ new_layout[real_qubit] = circuit._layout[faulty_qubits_map[real_qubit]]
+ else:
+ if real_qubit in faulty_qubits:
+ new_layout[real_qubit] = faulty_qreg[faulty_qubit]
+ faulty_qubit += 1
+ else:
+ new_layout[real_qubit] = disconnected_qreg[disconnected_qubit]
+ disconnected_qubit += 1
+ physical_layout_dict = {}
+ for qubit in circuit.qubits:
+ physical_layout_dict[qubit] = faulty_qubits_map_reverse[qubit.index]
+ for qubit in faulty_qreg[:] + disconnected_qreg[:]:
+ physical_layout_dict[qubit] = new_layout[qubit]
+ dag_circuit = circuit_to_dag(circuit)
+ apply_layout_pass = ApplyLayout()
+ apply_layout_pass.property_set['layout'] = Layout(physical_layout_dict)
+ circuit = dag_to_circuit(apply_layout_pass.run(dag_circuit))
+ circuit._layout = new_layout
+ return circuit
+
+
+def _remap_layout_faulty_backend(layout, faulty_qubits_map):
+ if layout is None:
+ return layout
+ new_layout = Layout()
+ for virtual, physical in layout.get_virtual_bits().items():
+ if faulty_qubits_map[physical] is None:
+ raise TranspilerError("The initial_layout parameter refers to faulty"
+ " or disconnected qubits")
+ new_layout[virtual] = faulty_qubits_map[physical]
+ return new_layout
 
 
 def _parse_transpile_args(circuits, backend,
  basis_gates, coupling_map, backend_properties,
  initial_layout, layout_method, routing_method, translation_method,
  seed_transpiler, optimization_level,
- callback, output_name) -> List[Dict]:
+ callback, output_name, faulty_qubits_map) -> List[Dict]:
  """Resolve the various types of args allowed to the transpile() function through
  duck typing, overriding args, etc. Refer to the transpile() docstring for details on
  what types of inputs are allowed.
@@ -336,9 +404,10 @@ def _parse_transpile_args(circuits, backend,
  num_circuits = len(circuits)
 
  basis_gates = _parse_basis_gates(basis_gates, backend, circuits)
- coupling_map = _parse_coupling_map(coupling_map, backend, num_circuits)
- backend_properties = _parse_backend_properties(backend_properties, backend, num_circuits)
- initial_layout = _parse_initial_layout(initial_layout, circuits)
+ coupling_map = _parse_coupling_map(coupling_map, backend, num_circuits, faulty_qubits_map)
+ backend_properties = _parse_backend_properties(backend_properties, backend, num_circuits,
+ faulty_qubits_map)
+ initial_layout = _parse_initial_layout(initial_layout, circuits, faulty_qubits_map)
  layout_method = _parse_layout_method(layout_method, num_circuits)
  routing_method = _parse_routing_method(routing_method, num_circuits)
  translation_method = _parse_translation_method(translation_method, num_circuits)
@@ -368,6 +437,37 @@ def _parse_transpile_args(circuits, backend,
  return list_transpile_args
 
 
+def _create_faulty_qubits_map(backend):
+ """If the backend has faulty qubits, those should be excluded. A faulty_qubit_map is a map
+ from working qubit in the backend to dumnmy qubits that are consecutive and connected."""
+ faulty_qubits_map = None
+ if backend is not None:
+ if backend.properties():
+ faulty_qubits = backend.properties().faulty_qubits()
+ faulty_edges = [gates.qubits for gates in backend.properties().faulty_gates()]
+ else:
+ faulty_qubits = []
+ faulty_edges = []
+
+ if faulty_qubits or faulty_edges:
+ faulty_qubits_map = {}
+ configuration = backend.configuration()
+ full_coupling_map = configuration.coupling_map
+ functional_cm_list = [edge for edge in full_coupling_map
+ if (set(edge).isdisjoint(faulty_qubits) and
+ edge not in faulty_edges)]
+
+ connected_working_qubits = CouplingMap(functional_cm_list).largest_connected_component()
+ dummy_qubit_counter = 0
+ for qubit in range(configuration.n_qubits):
+ if qubit in connected_working_qubits:
+ faulty_qubits_map[qubit] = dummy_qubit_counter
+ dummy_qubit_counter += 1
+ else:
+ faulty_qubits_map[qubit] = None
+ return faulty_qubits_map
+
+
 def _parse_basis_gates(basis_gates, backend, circuits):
  # try getting basis_gates from user, else backend
  if basis_gates is None:
@@ -381,13 +481,19 @@ def _parse_basis_gates(basis_gates, backend, circuits):
  return basis_gates
 
 
-def _parse_coupling_map(coupling_map, backend, num_circuits):
+def _parse_coupling_map(coupling_map, backend, num_circuits, faulty_map):
  # try getting coupling_map from user, else backend
  if coupling_map is None:
  if getattr(backend, 'configuration', None):
  configuration = backend.configuration()
  if hasattr(configuration, 'coupling_map') and configuration.coupling_map:
- coupling_map = CouplingMap(configuration.coupling_map)
+ if faulty_map:
+ coupling_map = CouplingMap()
+ for qubit1, qubit2 in configuration.coupling_map:
+ if faulty_map[qubit1] is not None and faulty_map[qubit2] is not None:
+ coupling_map.add_edge(faulty_map[qubit1], faulty_map[qubit2])
+ else:
+ coupling_map = CouplingMap(configuration.coupling_map)
 
  # coupling_map could be None, or a list of lists, e.g. [[0, 1], [2, 1]]
  if coupling_map is None or isinstance(coupling_map, CouplingMap):
@@ -401,17 +507,40 @@ def _parse_coupling_map(coupling_map, backend, num_circuits):
  return coupling_map
 
 
-def _parse_backend_properties(backend_properties, backend, num_circuits):
+def _parse_backend_properties(backend_properties, backend, num_circuits, faulty_qubits_map):
  # try getting backend_properties from user, else backend
  if backend_properties is None:
  if getattr(backend, 'properties', None):
  backend_properties = backend.properties()
+ if backend_properties and \
+ (backend_properties.faulty_qubits() or backend_properties.faulty_gates()):
+ faulty_qubits = sorted(backend_properties.faulty_qubits(), reverse=True)
+ faulty_edges = [gates.qubits for gates in backend_properties.faulty_gates()]
+ # remove faulty qubits in backend_properties.qubits
+ for faulty_qubit in faulty_qubits:
+ del backend_properties.qubits[faulty_qubit]
+
+ gates = []
+ for gate in backend_properties.gates:
+ # remove gates using faulty edges or with faulty qubits (and remap the
+ # gates in terms of faulty_qubits_map)
+ if any([faulty_qubits_map[qubits] is not None for qubits in gate.qubits]) or \
+ gate.qubits in faulty_edges:
+ continue
+ gate_dict = gate.to_dict()
+ replacement_gate = Gate.from_dict(gate_dict)
+ gate_dict['qubits'] = [faulty_qubits_map[qubit] for qubit in gate.qubits]
+ args = '_'.join([str(qubit) for qubit in gate_dict['qubits']])
+ gate_dict['name'] = "%s%s" % (gate_dict['gate'], args)
+ gates.append(replacement_gate)
+
+ backend_properties.gates = gates
  if not isinstance(backend_properties, list):
  backend_properties = [backend_properties] * num_circuits
  return backend_properties
 
 
-def _parse_initial_layout(initial_layout, circuits):
+def _parse_initial_layout(initial_layout, circuits, faulty_qubits_map):
  # initial_layout could be None, or a list of ints, e.g. [0, 5, 14]
  # or a list of tuples/None e.g. [qr[0], None, qr[1]] or a dict e.g. {qr[0]: 0}
  def _layout_from_raw(initial_layout, circuit):
@@ -436,8 +565,13 @@ def _layout_from_raw(initial_layout, circuit):
  else:
  # even if one layout, but multiple circuits, the layout needs to be adapted for each
  initial_layout = [_layout_from_raw(initial_layout, circ) for circ in circuits]
+
  if not isinstance(initial_layout, list):
  initial_layout = [initial_layout] * len(circuits)
+
+ if faulty_qubits_map:
+ initial_layout = [_remap_layout_faulty_backend(i, faulty_qubits_map) for i in
+ initial_layout]
  return initial_layout
 
 

qiskit/providers/models/backendproperties.py

@@ -314,6 +314,43 @@ def gate_property(self,
  raise BackendPropertyError("Could not find the desired property for {g}".format(g=gate))
  return result
 
+ def faulty_qubits(self):
+ """Return a list of faulty qubits.
+ """
+ faulty = []
+ for qubit in self._qubits:
+ if not self.is_qubit_operational(qubit):
+ faulty.append(qubit)
+ return faulty
+
+ def faulty_gates(self):
+ """Return a list of faulty gates.
+ """
+ faulty = []
+ for gate in self.gates:
+ if not self.is_gate_operational(gate.gate, gate.qubits):
+ faulty.append(gate)
+ return faulty
+
+ def is_gate_operational(self,
+ gate: str,
+ qubits: Union[int, Iterable[int]] = None) -> bool:
+ """
+ Return the operational status of the given gate.
+
+ Args:
+ gate: Name of the gate.
+ qubits: The qubit to find the operational status for.
+
+ Returns:
+ bool: Operational status of the given gate. True if the gate is operational,
+ False otherwise.
+ """
+ properties = self.gate_property(gate, qubits)
+ if 'operational' in properties:
+ return bool(properties['operational'][0])
+ return True # if property operational not existent, then True.
+
  def gate_error(self, gate: str, qubits: Union[int, Iterable[int]]) -> float:
  """
  Return gate error estimates from backend properties.
@@ -416,6 +453,21 @@ def readout_error(self, qubit: int) -> float:
  """
  return self.qubit_property(qubit, 'readout_error')[0] # Throw away datetime at index 1
 
+ def is_qubit_operational(self, qubit: int) -> bool:
+ """
+ Return the operational status of the given qubit.
+
+ Args:
+ qubit: Qubit for which to return operational status of.
+
+ Returns:
+ Operational status of the given qubit.
+ """
+ properties = self.qubit_property(qubit)
+ if 'operational' in properties:
+ return bool(properties['operational'][0])
+ return True # if property operational not existent, then True.
+
  def _apply_prefix(self, value: float, unit: str) -> float:
  """
  Given a SI unit prefix and value, apply the prefix to convert to

qiskit/test/mock/fake_backend.py

@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@ def properties(self):
  "name": "readout_error",
  "unit": "",
  "value": 0.0
+ },
+ {
+ "date": "2000-01-01 00:00:00Z",
+ "name": "operational",
+ "unit": "",
+ "value": 1
  }
  ] for _ in range(len(unique_qubits))
  ],

qiskit/transpiler/coupling.py

@@ -327,6 +327,10 @@ def from_grid(cls, num_rows, num_columns, bidirectional=True):
  cmap.add_edge(node, right)
  return cmap
 
+ def largest_connected_component(self):
+ """Return a set of qubits in the largest connected component."""
+ return max(nx.strongly_connected_components(self.graph), key=len)
+
  def __str__(self):
  """Return a string representation of the coupling graph."""
  string = ""