refactor: Enhance docs, code, add tests in `LinearDiophantineEquation…

[Hardvan]

…sSolver`

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 45.45455% with 6 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 77.78%. Comparing base (ce6f731) to head (e59ab7c).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...rithms/maths/LinearDiophantineEquationsSolver.java	45.45%	3 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #6744      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     77.54%   77.78%   +0.23%     
- Complexity     6293     6302       +9     
============================================
  Files           728      728              
  Lines         20976    20986      +10     
  Branches       4086     4091       +5     
============================================
+ Hits          16265    16323      +58     
+ Misses         4076     4021      -55     
- Partials        635      642       +7     

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