ARROW-17199: [Java][FlightRPC] Clean up Flight SQL example server

[lidavidm]

• Use ARROW-17004 for binding Arrow data to JDBC PreparedStatements
• Properly return Flight errors for better error messages
• Don't throw SQLException in the FlightSqlClient

[lidavidm]

Depends on #13589

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-17199

[github-actions]

⚠️ Ticket has not been started in JIRA, please click 'Start Progress'.

[lidavidm]

CC @jduo if you'd like to take a look here

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 6d9a6a4 and contender = 916417d. 916417d is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Failed ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished ⬇️0.54% ⬆️0.0%] test-mac-arm
[Finished ⬇️0.82% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.43% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Failed] 916417da ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] 916417da test-mac-arm
[Finished] 916417da ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 916417da ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
[Failed] 6d9a6a4a ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Finished] 6d9a6a4a test-mac-arm
[Finished] 6d9a6a4a ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished] 6d9a6a4a ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java