Sprite slicing and tiling (#10588)

> Replaces #5213

# Objective

Implement sprite tiling and [9 slice
scaling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-slice_scaling) for
`bevy_sprite`.
Allowing slice scaling and texture tiling.

Basic scaling vs 9 slice scaling:


![Traditional_scaling_vs_9-slice_scaling](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26703856/177335801-27f6fa27-c569-4ce6-b0e6-4f54e8f4e80a.svg)

Slicing example:

<img width="481" alt="Screenshot 2022-07-05 at 15 05 49"
src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26703856/177336112-9e961af0-c0af-4197-aec9-430c1170a79d.png">

Tiling example:

<img width="1329" alt="Screenshot 2023-11-16 at 13 53 32"
src="https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/assets/26703856/14db39b7-d9e0-4bc3-ba0e-b1f2db39ae8f">

# Solution

- `SpriteBundlue` now has a `scale_mode` component storing a
`SpriteScaleMode` enum with three variants:
  - `Stretched` (default) 
  - `Tiled` to have sprites tile horizontally and/or vertically
- `Sliced` allowing 9 slicing the texture and optionally tile some
sections with a `Textureslicer`.
- `bevy_sprite` has two extra systems to compute a
`ComputedTextureSlices` if necessary,:
- One system react to changes on `Sprite`, `Handle<Image>` or
`SpriteScaleMode`
- The other listens to `AssetEvent<Image>` to compute slices on sprites
when the texture is ready or changed
- I updated the `bevy_sprite` extraction stage to extract potentially
multiple textures instead of one, depending on the presence of
`ComputedTextureSlices`
- I added two examples showcasing the slicing and tiling feature.

The addition of `ComputedTextureSlices` as a cache is to avoid querying
the image data, to retrieve its dimensions, every frame in a extract or
prepare stage. Also it reacts to changes so we can have stuff like this
(tiling example):


https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/assets/26703856/a349a9f3-33c3-471f-8ef4-a0e5dfce3b01

# Related 

- [ ] Once #5103 or #10099 is merged I can enable tiling and slicing for
texture sheets as ui

# To discuss

There is an other option, to consider slice/tiling as part of the asset,
using the new asset preprocessing but I have no clue on how to do it.

Also, instead of retrieving the Image dimensions, we could use the same
system as the sprite sheet and have the user give the image dimensions
directly (grid). But I think it's less user friendly

---------

Co-authored-by: Alice Cecile <alice.i.cecile@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: ickshonpe <david.curthoys@googlemail.com>
Co-authored-by: Alice Cecile <alice.i.cecil@gmail.com>

Cargo.toml

@@ -455,6 +455,26 @@ description = "Renders an animated sprite"
 category = "2D Rendering"
 wasm = true
 
+[[example]]
+name = "sprite_tile"
+path = "examples/2d/sprite_tile.rs"
+
+[package.metadata.example.sprite_tile]
+name = "Sprite Tile"
+description = "Renders a sprite tiled in a grid"
+category = "2D Rendering"
+wasm = true
+
+[[example]]
+name = "sprite_slice"
+path = "examples/2d/sprite_slice.rs"
+
+[package.metadata.example.sprite_slice]
+name = "Sprite Slice"
+description = "Showcases slicing sprites into sections that can be scaled independently via the 9-patch technique"
+category = "2D Rendering"
+wasm = true
+
 [[example]]
 name = "text2d"
 path = "examples/2d/text2d.rs"

crates/bevy_sprite/src/bundle.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     texture_atlas::{TextureAtlas, TextureAtlasSprite},
-    Sprite,
+    ImageScaleMode, Sprite,
 };
 use bevy_asset::Handle;
 use bevy_ecs::bundle::Bundle;
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ use bevy_transform::components::{GlobalTransform, Transform};
 pub struct SpriteBundle {
     /// Specifies the rendering properties of the sprite, such as color tint and flip.
     pub sprite: Sprite,
+    /// Controls how the image is altered when scaled.
+    pub scale_mode: ImageScaleMode,
     /// The local transform of the sprite, relative to its parent.
     pub transform: Transform,
     /// The absolute transform of the sprite. This should generally not be written to directly.
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ pub struct SpriteBundle {
 pub struct SpriteSheetBundle {
     /// The specific sprite from the texture atlas to be drawn, defaulting to the sprite at index 0.
     pub sprite: TextureAtlasSprite,
+    /// Controls how the image is altered when scaled.
+    pub scale_mode: ImageScaleMode,
     /// A handle to the texture atlas that holds the sprite images
     pub texture_atlas: Handle<TextureAtlas>,
     /// Data pertaining to how the sprite is drawn on the screen

crates/bevy_sprite/src/lib.rs

@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@ mod render;
 mod sprite;
 mod texture_atlas;
 mod texture_atlas_builder;
+mod texture_slice;
 
 pub mod collide_aabb;
 
 pub mod prelude {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub use crate::{
         bundle::{SpriteBundle, SpriteSheetBundle},
-        sprite::Sprite,
+        sprite::{ImageScaleMode, Sprite},
         texture_atlas::{TextureAtlas, TextureAtlasSprite},
+        texture_slice::{BorderRect, SliceScaleMode, TextureSlicer},
         ColorMaterial, ColorMesh2dBundle, TextureAtlasBuilder,
     };
 }
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ pub use render::*;
 pub use sprite::*;
 pub use texture_atlas::*;
 pub use texture_atlas_builder::*;
+pub use texture_slice::*;
 
 use bevy_app::prelude::*;
 use bevy_asset::{load_internal_asset, AssetApp, Assets, Handle};
@@ -51,6 +54,7 @@ pub const SPRITE_SHADER_HANDLE: Handle<Shader> = Handle::weak_from_u128(27633439
 #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, SystemSet)]
 pub enum SpriteSystem {
     ExtractSprites,
+    ComputeSlices,
 }
 
 impl Plugin for SpritePlugin {
@@ -64,13 +68,22 @@ impl Plugin for SpritePlugin {
         app.init_asset::<TextureAtlas>()
             .register_asset_reflect::<TextureAtlas>()
             .register_type::<Sprite>()
+            .register_type::<ImageScaleMode>()
+            .register_type::<TextureSlicer>()
             .register_type::<TextureAtlasSprite>()
             .register_type::<Anchor>()
             .register_type::<Mesh2dHandle>()
             .add_plugins((Mesh2dRenderPlugin, ColorMaterialPlugin))
             .add_systems(
                 PostUpdate,
-                calculate_bounds_2d.in_set(VisibilitySystems::CalculateBounds),
+                (
+                    calculate_bounds_2d.in_set(VisibilitySystems::CalculateBounds),
+                    (
+                        compute_slices_on_asset_event,
+                        compute_slices_on_sprite_change,
+                    )
+                        .in_set(SpriteSystem::ComputeSlices),
+                ),
             );
 
         if let Ok(render_app) = app.get_sub_app_mut(RenderApp) {

crates/bevy_sprite/src/render/mod.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ops::Range;
 
 use crate::{
     texture_atlas::{TextureAtlas, TextureAtlasSprite},
-    Sprite, SPRITE_SHADER_HANDLE,
+    ComputedTextureSlices, Sprite, SPRITE_SHADER_HANDLE,
 };
 use bevy_asset::{AssetEvent, AssetId, Assets, Handle};
 use bevy_core_pipeline::{
@@ -333,6 +333,7 @@ pub fn extract_sprite_events(
 }
 
 pub fn extract_sprites(
+    mut commands: Commands,
     mut extracted_sprites: ResMut<ExtractedSprites>,
     texture_atlases: Extract<Res<Assets<TextureAtlas>>>,
     sprite_query: Extract<
@@ -342,6 +343,7 @@ pub fn extract_sprites(
             &Sprite,
             &GlobalTransform,
             &Handle<Image>,
+            Option<&ComputedTextureSlices>,
         )>,
     >,
     atlas_query: Extract<
@@ -356,26 +358,34 @@ pub fn extract_sprites(
 ) {
     extracted_sprites.sprites.clear();
 
-    for (entity, view_visibility, sprite, transform, handle) in sprite_query.iter() {
+    for (entity, view_visibility, sprite, transform, handle, slices) in sprite_query.iter() {
         if !view_visibility.get() {
             continue;
         }
-        // PERF: we don't check in this function that the `Image` asset is ready, since it should be in most cases and hashing the handle is expensive
-        extracted_sprites.sprites.insert(
-            entity,
-            ExtractedSprite {
-                color: sprite.color,
-                transform: *transform,
-                rect: sprite.rect,
-                // Pass the custom size
-                custom_size: sprite.custom_size,
-                flip_x: sprite.flip_x,
-                flip_y: sprite.flip_y,
-                image_handle_id: handle.id(),
-                anchor: sprite.anchor.as_vec(),
-                original_entity: None,
-            },
-        );
+        if let Some(slices) = slices {
+            extracted_sprites.sprites.extend(
+                slices
+                    .extract_sprites(transform, entity, sprite, handle)
+                    .map(|e| (commands.spawn_empty().id(), e)),
+            );
+        } else {
+            // PERF: we don't check in this function that the `Image` asset is ready, since it should be in most cases and hashing the handle is expensive
+            extracted_sprites.sprites.insert(
+                entity,
+                ExtractedSprite {
+                    color: sprite.color,
+                    transform: *transform,
+                    rect: sprite.rect,
+                    // Pass the custom size
+                    custom_size: sprite.custom_size,
+                    flip_x: sprite.flip_x,
+                    flip_y: sprite.flip_y,
+                    image_handle_id: handle.id(),
+                    anchor: sprite.anchor.as_vec(),
+                    original_entity: None,
+                },
+            );
+        }
     }
     for (entity, view_visibility, atlas_sprite, transform, texture_atlas_handle) in
         atlas_query.iter()

crates/bevy_sprite/src/sprite.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use bevy_math::{Rect, Vec2};
 use bevy_reflect::{std_traits::ReflectDefault, Reflect};
 use bevy_render::color::Color;
 
+use crate::TextureSlicer;
+
 /// Specifies the rendering properties of a sprite.
 ///
 /// This is commonly used as a component within [`SpriteBundle`](crate::bundle::SpriteBundle).
@@ -26,6 +28,27 @@ pub struct Sprite {
     pub anchor: Anchor,
 }
 
+/// Controls how the image is altered when scaled.
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Default, Clone, Reflect)]
+#[reflect(Component, Default)]
+pub enum ImageScaleMode {
+    /// The entire texture stretches when its dimensions change. This is the default option.
+    #[default]
+    Stretched,
+    /// The texture will be cut in 9 slices, keeping the texture in proportions on resize
+    Sliced(TextureSlicer),
+    /// The texture will be repeated if stretched beyond `stretched_value`
+    Tiled {
+        /// Should the image repeat horizontally
+        tile_x: bool,
+        /// Should the image repeat vertically
+        tile_y: bool,
+        /// The texture will repeat when the ratio between the *drawing dimensions* of texture and the
+        /// *original texture size* are above this value.
+        stretch_value: f32,
+    },
+}
+
 /// How a sprite is positioned relative to its [`Transform`](bevy_transform::components::Transform).
 /// It defaults to `Anchor::Center`.
 #[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default, Reflect)]

crates/bevy_sprite/src/texture_slice/border_rect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use bevy_reflect::Reflect;
+
+/// Struct defining a [`Sprite`](crate::Sprite) border with padding values
+#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Reflect)]
+pub struct BorderRect {
+    /// Pixel padding to the left
+    pub left: f32,
+    /// Pixel padding to the right
+    pub right: f32,
+    /// Pixel padding to the top
+    pub top: f32,
+    /// Pixel padding to the bottom
+    pub bottom: f32,
+}
+
+impl BorderRect {
+    /// Creates a new border as a square, with identical pixel padding values on every direction
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn square(value: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            left: value,
+            right: value,
+            top: value,
+            bottom: value,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new border as a rectangle, with:
+    /// - `horizontal` for left and right pixel padding
+    /// - `vertical` for top and bottom pixel padding
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn rectangle(horizontal: f32, vertical: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            left: horizontal,
+            right: horizontal,
+            top: vertical,
+            bottom: vertical,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<f32> for BorderRect {
+    fn from(v: f32) -> Self {
+        Self::square(v)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[f32; 4]> for BorderRect {
+    fn from([left, right, top, bottom]: [f32; 4]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            left,
+            right,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+        }
+    }
+}