Add color animation support

[alice-i-cecile]

There are four sections to this issue:

• Implement Animatable for all of our color types.
• Implement Point (in the sense of bevy_math for all of our color types.
• Figure out the correct way to handle color addition/subtraction and scalar multiplication and division.
• Add examples demonstrating color animation

Our options for handling alpha during color addition and subtraction from #12163 (comment):

1. Average: leads to fairly surprising behavior, non-associative.
2. Use the left-hand alpha: fairly surprising, non-commutative.
3. Set the alpha to 1: very surprising, associative and commutative.
4. Don't support adding colors with alpha: panic, remove the implementation, or create a set of alpha-free colors.
5. Just add and subtract alpha like RGB: simple, but leads to values outside of 0-1.0 very easily.
6. Apply alpha blending: a little more expensive, probably well-behaved.

[viridia]

Note that Mix which internally uses addition and multiplication, is well-defined: the alpha is linearly interpolated just as the other channels are. This suggests that addition and subtraction are perhaps too low-level for colors, and offer too much generality. It might be better if we can identify higher-level operations that require addition and subtraction, but which don't have degenerate cases, and implement those directly.

As an example, a bezier or quadratic curve in color space would be a well-defined operation, where each color is a control point along the curve.

[lynn-lumen]

I would like to organize the discussions in #12460, #12534 and #12553 a bit more. We have got two basic ideas for how to handle color addition, subtraction, etc.:

Solution	Pros	Cons
Implement Add, Sub for colors using componentwise operations #12460	Easy to use	Easy to make mistakes for users operations don't do what one might expect them to do
A custom trait providing all operations needed for splines, not implementing Add, Sub #12553	Could prevent some user errors Moves the docs closer to a possible source of confusion	Hard to work with, especially for more complex maths operations

If you have another solution in mind, or some more pros/cons please feel free to add them here. Let's try to reach a consensus on how to do this here. If you want to discuss any specific attempt, please do so in the relevant PRs.

[alice-i-cecile]

I think the solution is really clear:

• Don't add math to Color
• Do add math to linear spaces like OkLaba by implementing Add and ConvexLinearSpace (but this requires design work for alpha compositing)
• Also make it easy to convert vectors or tuples of vectors into Color or individual spaces

• @NthTensor on Discord.

I'll second that approach: it avoids complexity, implements the common traits for the spaces they make sense on, and pushes users to interpolating in the spaces that they should be using.

Classifying our existing color spaces:

• Srgba(Srgba): Nonlinear due to gamma correction
• LinearRgba(LinearRgba): linear, in a physical sense
• Hsla(Hsla): nonlinear due to cylindrical hue
• Hsva(Hsva: nonlinear due to cylindrical hue
• Hwba(Hwba): nonlinear due to cylindrical hue
• Laba(Laba): perceptually linear
• Lcha(Lcha): : nonlinear due to cylindrical hue
• Oklaba(Oklaba): : perceptually linear
• Oklcha(Oklcha): : nonlinear due to cylindrical hue
• Xyza(Xyza): physically linear

[viridia]

Ultimately, I think we need to take an artist-centric approach to this issue. Artists won't be calling APIs or manually coding control points for spline curves - they will be working in some kind of content creation tool, and generally in the context of some larger entity such as a 3d model.

Animating colors directly is in itself already an outlier: yes, you can attach an animation track to a material color property in Blender, but this is rare. I can imagine something like a pulsing traffic light, but even in this case it's only changing brightness, which means that it doesn't much matter which color space you pick.

[viridia]

Another point to bear in mind, from the standpoint of an artist working in Blender, "opacity" is a separate property unrelated to color. The combination of color + alpha is a historical accident related to compositing of 2d images.