…by alphanumerical characters (go-gitea#30175)

- Inline math blocks couldn't be preceeded or succeeded by
alphanumerical characters due to changes introduced in PR go-gitea#21171.
Removed the condition that caused this (precedingCharacter condition)
and added a new exit condition of the for-loop that checks if a specific
'$' was escaped using '\' so that the math expression can be rendered as
intended.
- Additionally this PR fixes another bug where math blocks of the type
'$xyz$abc$' where the dollar sign was not escaped by the user, generated
an error (shown in the screenshots below)
- Altered the tests to accomodate for the changes

Former behaviour (from try.gitea.io):

![image](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/assets/114936010/8f0cbb21-321d-451c-b871-c67a8e1e9235)

Fixed behaviour (from my local build):

![image](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/assets/114936010/5c22687c-6f11-4407-b5e7-c14b838bc20d)

(Edit) Source code for the README.md file:
```
$x$ -$x$ $x$-

a$xa$ $xa$a 1$xb$ $xb$1

$a a$b b$

a$b $a a$b b$

$a a\$b b$
```

---------

Signed-off-by: João Tiago <joao.leal.tintas@tecnico.ulisboa.pt>
Co-authored-by: Giteabot <teabot@gitea.io>