internal/goversion: update Version to 1.24

Go 1.24 is in the process of being opened for development (to be
eventually released). This change marks the very beginning of its
development cycle, updating the Version value accordingly.

For #40705.
For #67586.

Change-Id: Ibd194f229e7dbd25bc2713f86330fab50ea1dfaa
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/600176
LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Mui <cherryyz@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>

src/internal/goversion/goversion.go

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ package goversion
 // in development and will eventually get released.
 //
 // It should be updated at the start of each development cycle to be
-// the version of the next Go 1.x release. See golang.org/issue/40705.
-const Version = 23
+// the version of the next Go 1.x release. See go.dev/issue/40705.
+const Version = 24