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Rename BasicAer to BasicProvider and refactor interface to follow BackendV2 #11422

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merged 53 commits into from
Jan 31, 2024

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ElePT
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@ElePT ElePT commented Dec 15, 2023

Summary

This PR introduces the following changes:

  • Renames the basicaer module to basic_provider to avoid confusions with qiskit-aer.
  • Removes UnitarySimulatorPy and StatevectorSimulatorPy from basic_provider in favor of the quantum_info equivalents (Statevector and Operator).
  • Renames the QasmSimulatorPy class to BasicSimulator to avoid misinterpretations of it being a "qasm-based" simulator.
  • Refactors the BasicSimulator to follow the BackendV2 interface, a step forward in the deprecation of BackendV1 (it keeps some legacy methods/properties to interface with assemble and other V1-centric functionality) --> fixes Use BackendV2 for basic aer #10690.

Fixes #4443 and #10690.

Details and comments

The discussion in #4443 starts off considering renaming BasicAer to TestProvider, but I believe that Test is an overloaded term (at least, more than Basic) and it doesn't really represent the purpose of this module, which is offering a lightweight simulator that is shipped with qiskit for quick prototyping, not performance or efficiency (also testing, but that is not its only use).

In addition to this, the test file names would look particularly ugly if it were called TestProvider, with paths like test.providers.test_provider.test_test_provider.TestTestProvider (as opposed to test.providers.basic_provider.test_basic_provider.TestBasicProvider).

Mini migration guide:

Old                    |        New
---------------------------------------------------
basicaer               |  basic_provider
BasicAerProvider       |  BasicProvider 
BasicAerJob            |  BasicProviderJob
QasmSimulatorPy        |  BasicSimulator
UnitarySimulatorPy     |  use quantum_info instead
StatevectorSimulatorPy |  use quantum_info instead

…sicSimulator`, remove statevector and unitary simulators.

Replace uses of `BasicAer` with `BasicProvider`, `QasmSimulatorPy` with `BasicSimulator`, `UnitarySimulatorPy` with `quantum_info.Operator` and `StatevectorSimulatorPy` with `quantum_info.Statevector`.
…ith some extra methods for backward compat.).

Refactor class, rename some internal methods to avoid non-qasm related  use of "qasm", add typehints to module to
improve clarity, update existing typehints. Update tests to expect `BackendV2`.
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coveralls commented Dec 15, 2023

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 7717464066

Warning: This coverage report may be inaccurate.

We've detected an issue with your CI configuration that might affect the accuracy of this pull request's coverage report.
To ensure accuracy in future PRs, please see these guidelines.
A quick fix for this PR: rebase it; your next report should be accurate.

  • -21 of 171 (87.72%) changed or added relevant lines in 15 files are covered.
  • 59 unchanged lines in 12 files lost coverage.
  • Overall coverage increased (+0.1%) to 89.572%

Changes Missing Coverage Covered Lines Changed/Added Lines %
qiskit/providers/basic_provider/basic_provider_tools.py 9 10 90.0%
qiskit/providers/basic_provider/basic_provider.py 40 43 93.02%
qiskit/providers/fake_provider/generic_backend_v2.py 1 4 25.0%
qiskit/providers/providerutils.py 5 8 62.5%
qiskit/providers/fake_provider/fake_backend.py 1 6 16.67%
qiskit/providers/basic_provider/basic_simulator.py 69 75 92.0%
Files with Coverage Reduction New Missed Lines %
crates/qasm2/src/expr.rs 1 93.81%
qiskit/circuit/parametervector.py 1 93.33%
qiskit/transpiler/passes/optimization/optimize_1q_decomposition.py 1 97.25%
qiskit/providers/backend.py 2 79.73%
qiskit/providers/models/backendstatus.py 2 74.07%
qiskit/transpiler/passes/basis/basis_translator.py 2 97.64%
crates/qasm2/src/lex.rs 4 91.94%
qiskit/compiler/transpiler.py 7 92.96%
qiskit/providers/providerutils.py 7 48.48%
qiskit/transpiler/preset_passmanagers/common.py 8 89.5%
Totals Coverage Status
Change from base Build 7709087344: 0.1%
Covered Lines: 59476
Relevant Lines: 66400

💛 - Coveralls

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@ElePT , does this PR targets issue #10690 ?

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The overall approach LGTM, I left some comments below.

One feature that we're losing by using Statevector over StatevectorSimulatorPy is that we cannot use statevector simulation of circuits with measurements anymore. Or is this included in the BasicSimulator using shots=0? In any case, we should make sure to point this out in the reno 🙂

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@1ucian0 1ucian0 added this to the 1.0.0 milestone Jan 10, 2024
…m_qubits in BasicSimulator to None to avoid circuits being transpiled to the simulator's max number of qubits, thus blowing up the size of the computed statevector.

Apply suggestions from Julien's code review

Co-authored-by: Julien Gacon <gaconju@gmail.com>
ElePT added 2 commits January 15, 2024 17:01
…te basis gate, remove properties and status (but keep configuration, as it is required by assemble), change test case (it was based on backendV1).
@ElePT ElePT removed the on hold Can not fix yet label Jan 29, 2024
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Overall this LGTM, it's mostly identical to the additions in the #11583 just a couple small questions inline. But otherwise this is ready to go.

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def convert_to_target(
"switch_case": SwitchCaseOp,
}

in_data = {"num_qubits": configuration.n_qubits}
in_data = {"num_qubits": getattr(configuration, "n_qubits", None)}
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Was there a case where BackendConfiguration could not have n_qubits, IIRC it's a required attribute that's built into the model class.

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I added this at the beginning when the BasicSimulator was a bit of a hybrid between V1 and V2, and forgot to change it back. No longer used or needed.

Comment on lines 72 to 81
resolved_name = resolve_backend_name(name, backends, {}, {})
new_backends = []
for backend in backends:
if backend.version == 1 and backend.name() == resolved_name:
new_backends.append(backend)
elif backend.version == 2 and backend.name == resolved_name:
new_backends.append(backend)
backends = new_backends
except LookupError:
return []
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Are there any backends that need this. I realize this is what we merged on 0.46, but isn't the backends list just [BasicSimulator()] now with no aliases or deprecations? I feel like this logic can be reduced quite a bit and just reduced to:

Suggested change
resolved_name = resolve_backend_name(name, backends, {}, {})
new_backends = []
for backend in backends:
if backend.version == 1 and backend.name() == resolved_name:
new_backends.append(backend)
elif backend.version == 2 and backend.name == resolved_name:
new_backends.append(backend)
backends = new_backends
except LookupError:
return []

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Removed alias shenanigans in 85addc3 (I had to add a bit of logic because get_backend() relies on backends(), but I think it's still better now).

---
features:
- |
A new :mod:`qiskit.providers.basic_provider` module has been introduced
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Yeah, this feature note should be in 0.46.0 which is the first release with the basic provider.

mtreinish
mtreinish previously approved these changes Jan 30, 2024
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This LGTM, just some quick questions in the release note. But we can save this for a followup post rc1 if you'd prefer as we'll be going through the release notes for the final release.

The ``qiskit.providers.basicaer`` module and all of its classes have been
removed following their deprecation on the 0.46 release. They have been
replaced by the :mod:`qiskit.quantum_info` module and the new
:mod:`qiskit.providers.basic_provider` module.
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Did you want to mention qiskit.BasicAer here being removed too?

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Done!

…8e81d26e.yaml

Co-authored-by: Matthew Treinish <mtreinish@kortar.org>
@kevinhartman kevinhartman added this pull request to the merge queue Jan 30, 2024
Merged via the queue into Qiskit:main with commit 3773444 Jan 31, 2024
12 checks passed
wshanks added a commit to wshanks/qiskit-experiments that referenced this pull request Feb 1, 2024
qiskit.providers.basicaer was removed in Qiskit 1.0. See
Qiskit/qiskit#11422
wshanks added a commit to wshanks/qiskit-experiments that referenced this pull request Feb 1, 2024
qiskit.providers.basicaer was removed in Qiskit 1.0. See
Qiskit/qiskit#11422
wshanks added a commit to wshanks/qiskit-experiments that referenced this pull request Feb 1, 2024
qiskit.providers.basicaer was removed in Qiskit 1.0. See
Qiskit/qiskit#11422
wshanks added a commit to wshanks/qiskit-experiments that referenced this pull request Feb 2, 2024
qiskit.providers.basicaer was removed in Qiskit 1.0. See
Qiskit/qiskit#11422
github-merge-queue bot pushed a commit to qiskit-community/qiskit-experiments that referenced this pull request Feb 3, 2024
This change adjusts for several remaining changes in Qiskit 1.0:

* qiskit.providers.basicaer was removed in Qiskit 1.0 (see
Qiskit/qiskit#11422). Here its use is replaced
with qiskit-aer.

* `qiskit.providers.fake_provider.FakeJob` was removed in Qiskit 1.0
(see Qiskit/qiskit#11376). Here the `FakeJob`
already in `qiskit_experiments.test` is used instead. This update was
missed in f22bb7b which switched the
other `fake_provider` usage.

* Replace `qiskit.provider.FakeProvider` with a custom subclass of
`ProviderV1`. `FakeProvider` was moved out of Qiskit 1.0 to
qiskit-ibm-runtime.

* `calibration/test_rabi.py` was modified to make the data for a test of
bad data worse as the test started fitting the data as good with the
original parameters and qiskit-aer in place of basicaer.

* In the readout mitigation manual, a use of `plot_histogram` was
exchanged for one of `plot_distribution`.

* Guard `FakeBackendV2` import that was removed in Qiskit 1.0. Try to
import `FakeBackendV2` from qiskit-ibm-runtime as well.

Also, this change unpins qiskit which had to be pinned in
f22bb7b until these fixes could be
merged since 0.46.0 was released with deprecation warnings for some of
the usage changed here.
raynelfss added a commit to raynelfss/qiskit that referenced this pull request Apr 15, 2024
- Make GateMap use optional values to match behavior of Qiskit#11422.
- Define GateMapType for complex type in self.gate_map.
- Throw Python KeyError exceptions from the rust side in `update_instruction_properties` and other functions.
- Modify logic in subsequent functions that use gate_map optional values.
- Other tweaks and fixes.
github-merge-queue bot pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Jul 25, 2024
…12292)

* Initial: Add `Target` class to `_accelerate`
- Add `Target` class to test mobility between Rust and Python.
- Add `add_instruction` method to test compatibility with instructions.

* Fix: Remove empty property check
- Property check caused most cases to panic.
- Will be commented out and restored at a later time.

* Add: Instructions property
- Instructions property returns all added to the target.
- Similar behavior to source.

* Chore: comments and deprecated methods
- Add comments to instruction property.
- Use new_bound for new PyDicts.

* Chore: Remove redundant code
- Remove redundant transformation of PyObject to PyTuple.
- Remove debugging print statement.

* Add: `InstructionProperties` class and type checkers
- Add `InstructionProperties` class to process properties in rust.
- Add `is_instance` and `is_class` to identify certain Python objects.
- Modify logic of `add_instruction` to use class check.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Setter and Getter for calibration in `InstructionProperty`

* Add: `update_instruction_properties` to Target.

* Add: Update_from_instruction_schedule_map
- Partial addition from Target.py\
- Introduction of hashable qarg data structure.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Complete `update_from_instruction_schedule_map1
- Complete missing procedures in function.
- Rename `Qargs` to `HashableVec`.
- Make `HashableVec` generic.
- Separate `import_from_module_call` into call0 and call1.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: instruction_schedule_map property.
- Remove stray print statements.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Key issue in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Remove all unsafe unwraps

* Fix: Use PyResult Value for void functon
- Update `update_from_instruction_schedule_map to use PyResult and '?' operator.
- Use Bound Python objects whenever possible.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Python wrapping for Target
- Add temporary _target module for testing.
- Remove update_from_instruction_schedule_map function back to python.
- Add python properties for all public attributes in rust
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `qargs` property
- Add identical method `qargs` to obtain the qargs of a target.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `qargs_for_operation_name` function.
- Add function with identical behavior to the original in Target.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: durations method for Target
- Add target module to qiskit init file.
- Remove is_instance method.
- Modify set_calibration method in InstructionProperty to leave typechecking to Python.
- Change rust Target alias to Target2.
- Other tweaks and fixes,

* Add: InstructionProperties wrapper in python

* Fix: InstructionProperties could not receive calibrations
- Fix wrong setters/getters for calibration in InstructionProperty object in rust.

* Add: more methods to Target in `target.rs`
- Add FromPyObject trait to Hashable vec to receive Tuples and transform them directly into this type.
- Add operations_for_qargs for Target class in Rust side and Python.
- Fix return dict keys for `qargs_for_operation_name`.
- Add `timing_constrains` and `operation_from_name` to Python side.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: missing return value in `operations_for_args`
- Fix wrong name for function operation_for_qargs.
- Fix missing return value in the python side.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Bad compatibility with InstructionProperties
- Make `InstructionProperties` "_calibration" attribute visible.
- Removed attribute "calibration", treat as class property.
- Other tweaks and fixes

* Add: `operation_names_for_qargs` to Target
- Port class method to rust and connect to Python wrapper.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: instruction_supported method to rust and python:
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: changes to add_instruction function to increase functionality.
- These changes break current functionality of other functions, butemulate intended behavior better.
- Fixes coming soon.

* Fix: Backwards compatibility with `add_instruction`
- Fixed wrong additions to HashMaps in the rust side causing instructions to be missing.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Gate Map behavior didn't match #11422
- Make GateMap use optional values to match behavior of #11422.
- Define GateMapType for complex type in self.gate_map.
- Throw Python KeyError exceptions from the rust side in `update_instruction_properties` and other functions.
- Modify logic in subsequent functions that use gate_map optional values.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `has_calibration` method to Target

* Add: `get_calibraton` method to Target

* Add: `instruction_properties` method to Target

* Add: `build_coupling_map` and helper methods
- `build_coupling_map`will remain in Python for now, along with its helper functions.
- Make `gate_name_map` visible to python.
- Add `coupling_graph` attribute to Target in Rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `get_non_global_operation_names` to Target.
- Add attributes `non_global_strict_basis` and `non_global_basis` as Optional.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Missing properties
- Add properties: operations, operation_names, and physical_qubits.
- Reorganize properties placement.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `from_configuration` classmethod to Target.
- Add method that mimics the behavior of the python method.
- Change concurrent_measurements to 2d Vec instead of a Vec of sets.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Magic methods to Rust and Python
- Add docstring to __init__.
- Add __iter__, __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, keys, values, and items methods to rust.
- Add equivalen methods to python + the __str__ method.
- Make description an optional attribute in rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Bugs when fetching qargs or operations
- Fix qarg_for_operation_name logic to account for None and throw correct exceptions.
- Stringify description before sending in case of numerical descriptors.
- Fix qarg to account for None entry.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Chore: Prepare for Draft PR
- Remove _target.py testing file.
- Fix incorrect initialization of calibration in InstructionProperties.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: target not being recognized as a module
- Add target to the pyext crate.
- Change placement of target import for alphabetical ordering.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Change HashMap to IndexMap
- Change from f32 to f64 precision.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Move InstructionProperties fully to Rust
- Move InstructionProperties to rust.
- Modify gate_map to accept an InstructionProprties object instead of PyObjecy.
- Change update_instruction_properties to use Option InstructionProprtyird.
- Remove InstructionProperties from target.py
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make Target inherit from Rust
- Make Target inherit from the rust-side Target by using subclass attribute, then extending its functionality using python.
- Switch from __init__ to __new__ to adapt to the Target rust class.
- Modify every trait that worked with `target._Target` to use `super()` or `self` instead.
- Fix repr in InstructionProperties to not show `Some()` when a value exists.
- Fix `__str__` method in `Target` to not display "None" if no description is given.
- Assume `num_qubits` is the first argument when an integer is provided as a first argument and nothing else is provided for second (Target initializer).
- Return a set in operation_names instead of a Vec.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Recognize None in `operation_for_qargs`.
- Fix module labels for each class in target.rs.
- Use py.is_instance instead of passing isinstance to `instruction_supported`.
- Modify `operations_for_qargs` to accept optional values less aggressively. Allow it to find instructions with no qargs. (NoneType).
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make InstructionProperties subclassable.
- Fix get_non_global_operation_names to accept optional values and fix search set to use sorted values.
- Fix __repr__ method in InstructionProperties to add punctuation.
- Fix typo in python durations method.
- Modify test to overload __new__ method instead of just  __init__ (Possible breaking change).
-Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: errors in `instruction_properties` and others:
- Allow `instruction_properties` method to view optional properties.
- Allow `operation_names_for_qargs` to select class instructions when None is passed as a qarg.
- Modify __str__ method to display error and duration times as int if the value is 0.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: call `isclass` from rust, instead of passing it from Python.

* Fix: Move `update_from_instruction_schedule_map` to rust.

* Fix: Move `durations` to rust.

* Fix: Move `timing_constraints` to rust

* Fix: Move operations_from_name fully to rust

* Fix: `instruction_supported` method:
- Rewrite the logic of instruction_supported due to previous errors in the method.
- Move `check_obj_params` to Rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: errors in `from_configuration` class method.
- Fix some of the logic when retrieving gates from `name_mapping`.
- Remove function arguments in favor of implementing counterpart functions in rust.
- Add qubit_props_list_from_props function and return rust datatypes.
- Fix wrong error handling procedures when retrieving attributes from backend_property.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Import `InstructionScheduleMap` directly instead of passing.
- `instruction_schedule_map()` now imports the classtype directly from rust instead of needing it to be passed from python.
- Remove unused imports in `target.py`.
- Ignore unused arguments in `test_extra_props_str`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Docs: Add docstrings to rust functions
- Remove redundant redefinitions in python.
- Fix text_signatures for some rust functions.
- Added lint exceptions to some necessary imports and function arguments.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Make `Target` and `InstructionProperties` pickleable.
- Add `__getstate__` and `__setstate__` methods to make both rust subclasses pickleable.

* Fix: Wrong calibration assignment in __setstate__
- Use set_calibration to set the correct calibration argument.
- Fix wrong signature in get_non_global_operation_names.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: HashableVec is now Qarg
- Use `PhysicalQubit` instead of u32 for qargs.
- Use a `SmallVec` of size 4 instead of a dynamic Vec.
- Default to using the `Hash()` method embedded in `SmallVec`.
- Add a Default method to easily unwrap Qarg objects.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `get` function to target.
- Remove some redundant cloning in code.
- Other small fixes.

* Fix: Remove unnecessary Optional values in gate_map.
- Update every gate_map call to use the new format.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: `calibration` is for `InstructionProperties`
- Use python `None` instead of option to store `calibration` in `InstructionProperties`.
- Adapt code to these changes.
- Remove redundant implementation of Hash in Qargs.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Temporary speedup for `gate_map` access
- Added temporary speedups to access the gate_map by returning the values as PyObjects.
- Convert qargs to rust tuples instead of initializing a `PyTuple`.
- Store `InstructionProperties` as a python ref in gate_map. (Will be changed in future updates).
- Other tweaks anf fixes.

* Fix: Incorrect extractions for `InstructionProperties`
- Fix incorrect conversion of `InstructionProperties` to `Py<InstructionProperties>`
- Fix incorrect extraction of qargs in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`

* Fix: Hide all private attributes in `Target`
- Hide all private attributes of the `Target` to prevent unecessary cloning.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: New representation of gate_map using new pyclasses:
- Make Qarg a sequence pyclass.
- Make QargPropsMap the new representation of a GateMap value.
- Adapt the code to new structure.
- TODO: Add missing magic methods for sequence and mapping objects.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Use custom datatypes to return values to Python.
- Add QargSet datatype to return a set of qargs.
   - Works as return type for `Target.qargs`
   - Object is has itertype of QargSetIter.
- Rename QargPropMap to PropsMap
   - Use iterator type IterPropsMap
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Extend `InstructionProperties` to be subclassable using `__init__:
- Made a subclass of `InstructionProperties` that can be extended using an `__init__`method.
- Revert previous changes to `test_target.py`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: Split target into its own module
- Reestructure the files to improve readability of code.
   - `instruction_properties.rs` contaisn the `InstructionProperties` class.
   - `mod.rs` contains the `Target` class.
   - `qargs.rs` contains the Qargs struct to store quantum arguments.
   - `property_map` contains the Qarg: Property Mapping that will be stored in the gate_map.
- Add missing methods to PropsMap:
   - Add `PropsMapKeys` object to store the qargs as a set.
   - Add methods to compare and access `PropsMapKey`.
- Add QargsOrTuple enum in Qargs to parse Qargs instantly.

* Fix: Rest of failing tests in Target
- Modify the `InstructionProperties` python wrapper.
   - InstructionProperties was not assigning properties to rust side.
- Make duration in `InstructionProperties` setable.
- Add `__eq__` method for `PropMap` to compare with other dicts.
- `PropMapKeys` can only be compared with a Set.
- Remove `qargs_for_operation_name` from `target.py`
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: New GateMap Structure
- GateMap is now its own mapping object.
- Add `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` methods for `PropMap` and `GateMap`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make new subclasses pickleable
- Add module location to `PropsMap`, `GateMap`, and `Qargs`.
- Added default method to PropMap.
- Made default method part of class initializers.
- Other smalls tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove redundant lookup in Target (#12373)

* Format: `mod.rs` qubit_comparison to one line.

* Add: `GateMapKeys` object in GateMap:
- Use IndexSet as a base to preserve the insertion order.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: __sub__ method to GateMapKeys

* Fix: Modify `GateMap` to store values in Python heap.
- Fix `GateMap.__iter__` to use an IndexKeys iterator.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove duplicate import of `IndexSet::into_iter` in `GateMap`.
- Make `__iter__` use the keys() method in `GateMap`.

* Fix:: Adapt to target changes (#12288)
- Fix lint stray imports.

* Fix: Incorrect creation of parameters in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Add `tupelize` function to create tuples from non-downcastable items.
- Fix creation of Parameters by iterating through members of tuple object and mapping them to parameters in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`.
- Add missing logic for creating a Target with/without `qubit_properties`.
- Add tuple conversion of `Qargs` to store items in a dict in `BasisTranslator` and `UnitarySynthesis` passes.
- Cast `PropsMap` object to dict when comparing in `test_fake_backends.py`.
- Modify logic of helper functions that receive a bound object reference, a second `py` not required as an argument.
- Add set operation methods to `GateMapKeys`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: More failing tests
- Fix repeated erroneous calls to `add_instruction` in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Add missing condition in `instruction_supported`
- Use `IndexSet` instead of `HashSet` for `QargsSet`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Macro rules for qargs and other sequences.
- Create `QargSet` and `PropsMap` using the new macros.
- Return a `TargetOpNames` ordered set to python in `operation_names`.
- Remove the Python side `operation_names.`
- Fix faulty docstring in `target.py`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Docs: Add necessary docstrings to all new rust functions.
- Remove duplicate Iterator in GateMap.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Use `GILOneCell` and remove `Qargs`
- Use `GILOneCell` to import python modules only once at initialization.
- Remove the custom data structure `Qargs` to avoid conversion overhead.
- `Qargs` does not use `PhysicalQubits`, `u32` is used instead.
- Fix `__setstate__ `and `__getstate__` methods for `PropsMap`, `GateMap`, and `key_like_set_iterator` macro_rule.
- Update code to use the new structures.
- TODO: Fix broken tests.

* Fix: Cast `Qargs` to `Tuple` in specific situations
- Use tupleize to cast `Qargs` to `Tuple` in `instructions`.
- Use downcast to extract string in `add_instruction`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Make `Target` Representable in Rust
- Rename `InstructionProperties` as `BaseInstructionProperties`.
   - Remove `Calibration` from the rust space.
- Restore `gate_map`, `coupling_map`, `instruction_schedule_map`, and `instruction_durations` to rust.
- Remove all unnecessary data structures from rust space.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: Remove previour changes to unrelated files.

* Add: rust native functions to target
- Added rust native functionality to target such that a `py` would not be needed to use one.
- Add Index trait to make `Target` subscriptable.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove all unnecessary python method calls.
- Remove uage of `inspect.isclass`.
- Rename `Target` to `BaseTarget` in the rust side.
- Rename `err.rs` to `errors.rs`.
- Remove rust-native `add_inst` and `update_inst` as Target should not be modified from Rust.
- Made `add_instruction` and `update_instruction_properties` private in `BaseTarget`.
- Add missing `get` method in `Target`.
- Other tweaks and fixes

* Format: Fix lint

* Fix: Wrong return value for `BaseTarget.qargs`

* Add: Temporary Instruction representation in rust.
- Add temporary instruction representation to avoid repeated extraction from python.

* Add: Native representation of coupling graph

* Fix: Wrong attribute extraction for `GateRep`

* Remove: `CouplingGraph` rust native representation.
- Move to different PR.

* Format: Remove stray whitespace

* Add: `get_non_global_op_names` as a rust native function

* Fix: Use Ahash for Hashing
- Use ahash for hashing when possible.
- Rename `BaseTarget` to `Target` in rust only.
- Rename `BaseInstructionProperties` to `InstructionProperties` in rust only.
- Remove optional logic from `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Use dict for `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` in `Target`.
- Reduced the docstring for `Target` and `InstructionProperties`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Format: new changes to `lib.rs`

* Format: Adapt to new lint rules

* Fix: Use new gates infrastructure (#12459)
- Create custom enum to collect either a `NormalOperation` or a `VariableOperation` depending on what is needed.
- Add a rust native `is_instruction_supported` method to check whether a Target supports a certain instruction.
- Make conversion methods from `circuit_instruction.rs` public.
- Add comparison methods for `Param` in `operations.rs`
- Remove need for isclass method in rustwise `add_instruction`
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Format: Fix rust formatting

* Add: rust-native method to obtain Operstion objects.

* Add: Comparison methods for `Param`

* FIx: Add display methods for `Params`

* Format: Fix lint test

* Format: Wrong merge conflict solve

* Fix: Improve rust methods to use iterators.
- Adapt the Python methods to leverage the rust native improvements.
- Use python native structures for the Python methods.

* Format: Remove extra blankspace

* Fix: Remove `text_signature`, use `signature` instead.

* Fix: Rectify the behavior of `qargs`
- Keep insertion order by inserting all qargs into a `PySet`.
- Perform conversion to `PyTuple` at insertion time leveraging the iterator architecture.
- Remove python side counterpart to avoid double iteration.
- Make rust-native `qargs` return an iterator.

* Fix: Corrections from Matthew's review
- Use `format!` for repr method in `InstructionProperties`
- Rename `Variable` variant of `TargetInstruction` to `Variadic`.
- Remove `internal_name` attribute from `TargetOperation`.
- Remove `VariableOperation` class.
- Use `u32` for `granularity`, `pulse_alignment`, and `acquire_alignment`.
- Use `Option` to store nullable `concurrent_measurements.
- Use `&str` instead of `String` for most function arguments.
- Use `swap_remove` to deallocate items from the provided `properties` map in `add_instruction`.
- Avoid cloning instructions, use `to_object()` instead.
- Avoid using `.to_owned()`, use `.clone()` instead.
- Remove mention of `RandomState`, use `ahash::HashSet` instead.
- Move parameter check to python in `instruction_supported`.
- Avoid exposing private attributes, use the available ones instead.
- Filter out `Varidadic` Instructions as they're not supported in rust.
- Use peekable iterator to peak at the next qargs in `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Rename `qarg_set` to `deduplicated_qargs` in `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Return iterator instances instead of allocated `Vec`.
- Add `python_compare` and `python_is_instance` to perform object comparison with objects that satisfy the `ToPyObject` trait.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Implement a nullable dict-like structure for IndexMap (#2)

* Initial: Implement a nullable dict-like structure for IndexMap

* FIx: Erroneous item extraction from Python
- Fix error that caused `None` values to be ignored from `None` keys.
- Removed mutability from rust function argument in `add_instruction`.
   - Object is mutably referenced after option unwrapping.
- Add missing header in `nullable_index_map.rs`.
- Add Clone as a `K` and/or `V` constraint in some of the iterators.
- Remove `IntoPy` constraint from `NullableIndexMap<K, V>`.
- Add `ToPyObject` trait to `NullableIndexMap<K, V>`.

* Fix: inplace modification of Python dict.
- Perform `None` extraction from rust.
- Revert changes to `Target.py`

* Fix: Avoid double iteration by using filter_map.

* Docs: Add inline comments.

* Fix: More specific error message in `NullableIndexMap`

* Fix: Use `Mapping` as the metaclass for `Target`
- Minor corrections from Matthew's review.

* Fix: Make `Target` crate-private.
- Due to the private nature of `NullableIndexMap`, the `Target` has to be made crate private.
- Add temporary`allow(dead_code)` flag for the unused `Target` and `NullableIndexMap` methods.
- Fix docstring of `Target` struct.
- Fix docstring of `add_instruction`.
- Make several python-only operations public so they can be used with other `PyClass` instances as long as they own the gil.
- Modify `py_instruction_supported` to accept bound objects.
- Use rust-native functions for some of the instance properties.
- Rewrite `instruction` to return parameters as slice.
- `operation_names` returns an `ExactSizeIterator`.
- All rust-native methods that return an `OperationType` object, will return a `NormalOperation` instance which includes the `OperationType` and the parameters.

* Fix: Comments from Matthew's review
- Mention duplication in docstring for rust Target.
- Use f"{*:g}" to avoid printing the floating point for 0 in `Target`'s repr method.
- Add note mentioning future unit-tests in rust.

* Fix: Adapt to #12730
Procatv pushed a commit to Procatv/qiskit-terra-catherines that referenced this pull request Aug 1, 2024
…iskit#12292)

* Initial: Add `Target` class to `_accelerate`
- Add `Target` class to test mobility between Rust and Python.
- Add `add_instruction` method to test compatibility with instructions.

* Fix: Remove empty property check
- Property check caused most cases to panic.
- Will be commented out and restored at a later time.

* Add: Instructions property
- Instructions property returns all added to the target.
- Similar behavior to source.

* Chore: comments and deprecated methods
- Add comments to instruction property.
- Use new_bound for new PyDicts.

* Chore: Remove redundant code
- Remove redundant transformation of PyObject to PyTuple.
- Remove debugging print statement.

* Add: `InstructionProperties` class and type checkers
- Add `InstructionProperties` class to process properties in rust.
- Add `is_instance` and `is_class` to identify certain Python objects.
- Modify logic of `add_instruction` to use class check.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Setter and Getter for calibration in `InstructionProperty`

* Add: `update_instruction_properties` to Target.

* Add: Update_from_instruction_schedule_map
- Partial addition from Target.py\
- Introduction of hashable qarg data structure.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Complete `update_from_instruction_schedule_map1
- Complete missing procedures in function.
- Rename `Qargs` to `HashableVec`.
- Make `HashableVec` generic.
- Separate `import_from_module_call` into call0 and call1.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: instruction_schedule_map property.
- Remove stray print statements.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Key issue in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Remove all unsafe unwraps

* Fix: Use PyResult Value for void functon
- Update `update_from_instruction_schedule_map to use PyResult and '?' operator.
- Use Bound Python objects whenever possible.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Python wrapping for Target
- Add temporary _target module for testing.
- Remove update_from_instruction_schedule_map function back to python.
- Add python properties for all public attributes in rust
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `qargs` property
- Add identical method `qargs` to obtain the qargs of a target.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `qargs_for_operation_name` function.
- Add function with identical behavior to the original in Target.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: durations method for Target
- Add target module to qiskit init file.
- Remove is_instance method.
- Modify set_calibration method in InstructionProperty to leave typechecking to Python.
- Change rust Target alias to Target2.
- Other tweaks and fixes,

* Add: InstructionProperties wrapper in python

* Fix: InstructionProperties could not receive calibrations
- Fix wrong setters/getters for calibration in InstructionProperty object in rust.

* Add: more methods to Target in `target.rs`
- Add FromPyObject trait to Hashable vec to receive Tuples and transform them directly into this type.
- Add operations_for_qargs for Target class in Rust side and Python.
- Fix return dict keys for `qargs_for_operation_name`.
- Add `timing_constrains` and `operation_from_name` to Python side.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: missing return value in `operations_for_args`
- Fix wrong name for function operation_for_qargs.
- Fix missing return value in the python side.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Bad compatibility with InstructionProperties
- Make `InstructionProperties` "_calibration" attribute visible.
- Removed attribute "calibration", treat as class property.
- Other tweaks and fixes

* Add: `operation_names_for_qargs` to Target
- Port class method to rust and connect to Python wrapper.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: instruction_supported method to rust and python:
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: changes to add_instruction function to increase functionality.
- These changes break current functionality of other functions, butemulate intended behavior better.
- Fixes coming soon.

* Fix: Backwards compatibility with `add_instruction`
- Fixed wrong additions to HashMaps in the rust side causing instructions to be missing.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Gate Map behavior didn't match Qiskit#11422
- Make GateMap use optional values to match behavior of Qiskit#11422.
- Define GateMapType for complex type in self.gate_map.
- Throw Python KeyError exceptions from the rust side in `update_instruction_properties` and other functions.
- Modify logic in subsequent functions that use gate_map optional values.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `has_calibration` method to Target

* Add: `get_calibraton` method to Target

* Add: `instruction_properties` method to Target

* Add: `build_coupling_map` and helper methods
- `build_coupling_map`will remain in Python for now, along with its helper functions.
- Make `gate_name_map` visible to python.
- Add `coupling_graph` attribute to Target in Rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `get_non_global_operation_names` to Target.
- Add attributes `non_global_strict_basis` and `non_global_basis` as Optional.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Missing properties
- Add properties: operations, operation_names, and physical_qubits.
- Reorganize properties placement.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `from_configuration` classmethod to Target.
- Add method that mimics the behavior of the python method.
- Change concurrent_measurements to 2d Vec instead of a Vec of sets.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Magic methods to Rust and Python
- Add docstring to __init__.
- Add __iter__, __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, keys, values, and items methods to rust.
- Add equivalen methods to python + the __str__ method.
- Make description an optional attribute in rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Bugs when fetching qargs or operations
- Fix qarg_for_operation_name logic to account for None and throw correct exceptions.
- Stringify description before sending in case of numerical descriptors.
- Fix qarg to account for None entry.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Chore: Prepare for Draft PR
- Remove _target.py testing file.
- Fix incorrect initialization of calibration in InstructionProperties.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: target not being recognized as a module
- Add target to the pyext crate.
- Change placement of target import for alphabetical ordering.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Change HashMap to IndexMap
- Change from f32 to f64 precision.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Move InstructionProperties fully to Rust
- Move InstructionProperties to rust.
- Modify gate_map to accept an InstructionProprties object instead of PyObjecy.
- Change update_instruction_properties to use Option InstructionProprtyird.
- Remove InstructionProperties from target.py
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make Target inherit from Rust
- Make Target inherit from the rust-side Target by using subclass attribute, then extending its functionality using python.
- Switch from __init__ to __new__ to adapt to the Target rust class.
- Modify every trait that worked with `target._Target` to use `super()` or `self` instead.
- Fix repr in InstructionProperties to not show `Some()` when a value exists.
- Fix `__str__` method in `Target` to not display "None" if no description is given.
- Assume `num_qubits` is the first argument when an integer is provided as a first argument and nothing else is provided for second (Target initializer).
- Return a set in operation_names instead of a Vec.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Recognize None in `operation_for_qargs`.
- Fix module labels for each class in target.rs.
- Use py.is_instance instead of passing isinstance to `instruction_supported`.
- Modify `operations_for_qargs` to accept optional values less aggressively. Allow it to find instructions with no qargs. (NoneType).
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make InstructionProperties subclassable.
- Fix get_non_global_operation_names to accept optional values and fix search set to use sorted values.
- Fix __repr__ method in InstructionProperties to add punctuation.
- Fix typo in python durations method.
- Modify test to overload __new__ method instead of just  __init__ (Possible breaking change).
-Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: errors in `instruction_properties` and others:
- Allow `instruction_properties` method to view optional properties.
- Allow `operation_names_for_qargs` to select class instructions when None is passed as a qarg.
- Modify __str__ method to display error and duration times as int if the value is 0.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: call `isclass` from rust, instead of passing it from Python.

* Fix: Move `update_from_instruction_schedule_map` to rust.

* Fix: Move `durations` to rust.

* Fix: Move `timing_constraints` to rust

* Fix: Move operations_from_name fully to rust

* Fix: `instruction_supported` method:
- Rewrite the logic of instruction_supported due to previous errors in the method.
- Move `check_obj_params` to Rust.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: errors in `from_configuration` class method.
- Fix some of the logic when retrieving gates from `name_mapping`.
- Remove function arguments in favor of implementing counterpart functions in rust.
- Add qubit_props_list_from_props function and return rust datatypes.
- Fix wrong error handling procedures when retrieving attributes from backend_property.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Import `InstructionScheduleMap` directly instead of passing.
- `instruction_schedule_map()` now imports the classtype directly from rust instead of needing it to be passed from python.
- Remove unused imports in `target.py`.
- Ignore unused arguments in `test_extra_props_str`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Docs: Add docstrings to rust functions
- Remove redundant redefinitions in python.
- Fix text_signatures for some rust functions.
- Added lint exceptions to some necessary imports and function arguments.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Make `Target` and `InstructionProperties` pickleable.
- Add `__getstate__` and `__setstate__` methods to make both rust subclasses pickleable.

* Fix: Wrong calibration assignment in __setstate__
- Use set_calibration to set the correct calibration argument.
- Fix wrong signature in get_non_global_operation_names.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: HashableVec is now Qarg
- Use `PhysicalQubit` instead of u32 for qargs.
- Use a `SmallVec` of size 4 instead of a dynamic Vec.
- Default to using the `Hash()` method embedded in `SmallVec`.
- Add a Default method to easily unwrap Qarg objects.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: `get` function to target.
- Remove some redundant cloning in code.
- Other small fixes.

* Fix: Remove unnecessary Optional values in gate_map.
- Update every gate_map call to use the new format.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: `calibration` is for `InstructionProperties`
- Use python `None` instead of option to store `calibration` in `InstructionProperties`.
- Adapt code to these changes.
- Remove redundant implementation of Hash in Qargs.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Temporary speedup for `gate_map` access
- Added temporary speedups to access the gate_map by returning the values as PyObjects.
- Convert qargs to rust tuples instead of initializing a `PyTuple`.
- Store `InstructionProperties` as a python ref in gate_map. (Will be changed in future updates).
- Other tweaks anf fixes.

* Fix: Incorrect extractions for `InstructionProperties`
- Fix incorrect conversion of `InstructionProperties` to `Py<InstructionProperties>`
- Fix incorrect extraction of qargs in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`

* Fix: Hide all private attributes in `Target`
- Hide all private attributes of the `Target` to prevent unecessary cloning.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: New representation of gate_map using new pyclasses:
- Make Qarg a sequence pyclass.
- Make QargPropsMap the new representation of a GateMap value.
- Adapt the code to new structure.
- TODO: Add missing magic methods for sequence and mapping objects.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Use custom datatypes to return values to Python.
- Add QargSet datatype to return a set of qargs.
   - Works as return type for `Target.qargs`
   - Object is has itertype of QargSetIter.
- Rename QargPropMap to PropsMap
   - Use iterator type IterPropsMap
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Extend `InstructionProperties` to be subclassable using `__init__:
- Made a subclass of `InstructionProperties` that can be extended using an `__init__`method.
- Revert previous changes to `test_target.py`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: Split target into its own module
- Reestructure the files to improve readability of code.
   - `instruction_properties.rs` contaisn the `InstructionProperties` class.
   - `mod.rs` contains the `Target` class.
   - `qargs.rs` contains the Qargs struct to store quantum arguments.
   - `property_map` contains the Qarg: Property Mapping that will be stored in the gate_map.
- Add missing methods to PropsMap:
   - Add `PropsMapKeys` object to store the qargs as a set.
   - Add methods to compare and access `PropsMapKey`.
- Add QargsOrTuple enum in Qargs to parse Qargs instantly.

* Fix: Rest of failing tests in Target
- Modify the `InstructionProperties` python wrapper.
   - InstructionProperties was not assigning properties to rust side.
- Make duration in `InstructionProperties` setable.
- Add `__eq__` method for `PropMap` to compare with other dicts.
- `PropMapKeys` can only be compared with a Set.
- Remove `qargs_for_operation_name` from `target.py`
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: New GateMap Structure
- GateMap is now its own mapping object.
- Add `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` methods for `PropMap` and `GateMap`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Make new subclasses pickleable
- Add module location to `PropsMap`, `GateMap`, and `Qargs`.
- Added default method to PropMap.
- Made default method part of class initializers.
- Other smalls tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove redundant lookup in Target (Qiskit#12373)

* Format: `mod.rs` qubit_comparison to one line.

* Add: `GateMapKeys` object in GateMap:
- Use IndexSet as a base to preserve the insertion order.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: __sub__ method to GateMapKeys

* Fix: Modify `GateMap` to store values in Python heap.
- Fix `GateMap.__iter__` to use an IndexKeys iterator.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove duplicate import of `IndexSet::into_iter` in `GateMap`.
- Make `__iter__` use the keys() method in `GateMap`.

* Fix:: Adapt to target changes (Qiskit#12288)
- Fix lint stray imports.

* Fix: Incorrect creation of parameters in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Add `tupelize` function to create tuples from non-downcastable items.
- Fix creation of Parameters by iterating through members of tuple object and mapping them to parameters in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`.
- Add missing logic for creating a Target with/without `qubit_properties`.
- Add tuple conversion of `Qargs` to store items in a dict in `BasisTranslator` and `UnitarySynthesis` passes.
- Cast `PropsMap` object to dict when comparing in `test_fake_backends.py`.
- Modify logic of helper functions that receive a bound object reference, a second `py` not required as an argument.
- Add set operation methods to `GateMapKeys`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: More failing tests
- Fix repeated erroneous calls to `add_instruction` in `update_from_instruction_schedule_map`
- Add missing condition in `instruction_supported`
- Use `IndexSet` instead of `HashSet` for `QargsSet`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Macro rules for qargs and other sequences.
- Create `QargSet` and `PropsMap` using the new macros.
- Return a `TargetOpNames` ordered set to python in `operation_names`.
- Remove the Python side `operation_names.`
- Fix faulty docstring in `target.py`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Docs: Add necessary docstrings to all new rust functions.
- Remove duplicate Iterator in GateMap.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Use `GILOneCell` and remove `Qargs`
- Use `GILOneCell` to import python modules only once at initialization.
- Remove the custom data structure `Qargs` to avoid conversion overhead.
- `Qargs` does not use `PhysicalQubits`, `u32` is used instead.
- Fix `__setstate__ `and `__getstate__` methods for `PropsMap`, `GateMap`, and `key_like_set_iterator` macro_rule.
- Update code to use the new structures.
- TODO: Fix broken tests.

* Fix: Cast `Qargs` to `Tuple` in specific situations
- Use tupleize to cast `Qargs` to `Tuple` in `instructions`.
- Use downcast to extract string in `add_instruction`.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Add: Make `Target` Representable in Rust
- Rename `InstructionProperties` as `BaseInstructionProperties`.
   - Remove `Calibration` from the rust space.
- Restore `gate_map`, `coupling_map`, `instruction_schedule_map`, and `instruction_durations` to rust.
- Remove all unnecessary data structures from rust space.
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Refactor: Remove previour changes to unrelated files.

* Add: rust native functions to target
- Added rust native functionality to target such that a `py` would not be needed to use one.
- Add Index trait to make `Target` subscriptable.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Fix: Remove all unnecessary python method calls.
- Remove uage of `inspect.isclass`.
- Rename `Target` to `BaseTarget` in the rust side.
- Rename `err.rs` to `errors.rs`.
- Remove rust-native `add_inst` and `update_inst` as Target should not be modified from Rust.
- Made `add_instruction` and `update_instruction_properties` private in `BaseTarget`.
- Add missing `get` method in `Target`.
- Other tweaks and fixes

* Format: Fix lint

* Fix: Wrong return value for `BaseTarget.qargs`

* Add: Temporary Instruction representation in rust.
- Add temporary instruction representation to avoid repeated extraction from python.

* Add: Native representation of coupling graph

* Fix: Wrong attribute extraction for `GateRep`

* Remove: `CouplingGraph` rust native representation.
- Move to different PR.

* Format: Remove stray whitespace

* Add: `get_non_global_op_names` as a rust native function

* Fix: Use Ahash for Hashing
- Use ahash for hashing when possible.
- Rename `BaseTarget` to `Target` in rust only.
- Rename `BaseInstructionProperties` to `InstructionProperties` in rust only.
- Remove optional logic from `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Use dict for `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` in `Target`.
- Reduced the docstring for `Target` and `InstructionProperties`.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Format: new changes to `lib.rs`

* Format: Adapt to new lint rules

* Fix: Use new gates infrastructure (Qiskit#12459)
- Create custom enum to collect either a `NormalOperation` or a `VariableOperation` depending on what is needed.
- Add a rust native `is_instruction_supported` method to check whether a Target supports a certain instruction.
- Make conversion methods from `circuit_instruction.rs` public.
- Add comparison methods for `Param` in `operations.rs`
- Remove need for isclass method in rustwise `add_instruction`
- Other tweaks and fixes.

* Format: Fix rust formatting

* Add: rust-native method to obtain Operstion objects.

* Add: Comparison methods for `Param`

* FIx: Add display methods for `Params`

* Format: Fix lint test

* Format: Wrong merge conflict solve

* Fix: Improve rust methods to use iterators.
- Adapt the Python methods to leverage the rust native improvements.
- Use python native structures for the Python methods.

* Format: Remove extra blankspace

* Fix: Remove `text_signature`, use `signature` instead.

* Fix: Rectify the behavior of `qargs`
- Keep insertion order by inserting all qargs into a `PySet`.
- Perform conversion to `PyTuple` at insertion time leveraging the iterator architecture.
- Remove python side counterpart to avoid double iteration.
- Make rust-native `qargs` return an iterator.

* Fix: Corrections from Matthew's review
- Use `format!` for repr method in `InstructionProperties`
- Rename `Variable` variant of `TargetInstruction` to `Variadic`.
- Remove `internal_name` attribute from `TargetOperation`.
- Remove `VariableOperation` class.
- Use `u32` for `granularity`, `pulse_alignment`, and `acquire_alignment`.
- Use `Option` to store nullable `concurrent_measurements.
- Use `&str` instead of `String` for most function arguments.
- Use `swap_remove` to deallocate items from the provided `properties` map in `add_instruction`.
- Avoid cloning instructions, use `to_object()` instead.
- Avoid using `.to_owned()`, use `.clone()` instead.
- Remove mention of `RandomState`, use `ahash::HashSet` instead.
- Move parameter check to python in `instruction_supported`.
- Avoid exposing private attributes, use the available ones instead.
- Filter out `Varidadic` Instructions as they're not supported in rust.
- Use peekable iterator to peak at the next qargs in `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Rename `qarg_set` to `deduplicated_qargs` in `generate_non_global_op_names`.
- Return iterator instances instead of allocated `Vec`.
- Add `python_compare` and `python_is_instance` to perform object comparison with objects that satisfy the `ToPyObject` trait.
- Other small tweaks and fixes.

* Implement a nullable dict-like structure for IndexMap (Qiskit#2)

* Initial: Implement a nullable dict-like structure for IndexMap

* FIx: Erroneous item extraction from Python
- Fix error that caused `None` values to be ignored from `None` keys.
- Removed mutability from rust function argument in `add_instruction`.
   - Object is mutably referenced after option unwrapping.
- Add missing header in `nullable_index_map.rs`.
- Add Clone as a `K` and/or `V` constraint in some of the iterators.
- Remove `IntoPy` constraint from `NullableIndexMap<K, V>`.
- Add `ToPyObject` trait to `NullableIndexMap<K, V>`.

* Fix: inplace modification of Python dict.
- Perform `None` extraction from rust.
- Revert changes to `Target.py`

* Fix: Avoid double iteration by using filter_map.

* Docs: Add inline comments.

* Fix: More specific error message in `NullableIndexMap`

* Fix: Use `Mapping` as the metaclass for `Target`
- Minor corrections from Matthew's review.

* Fix: Make `Target` crate-private.
- Due to the private nature of `NullableIndexMap`, the `Target` has to be made crate private.
- Add temporary`allow(dead_code)` flag for the unused `Target` and `NullableIndexMap` methods.
- Fix docstring of `Target` struct.
- Fix docstring of `add_instruction`.
- Make several python-only operations public so they can be used with other `PyClass` instances as long as they own the gil.
- Modify `py_instruction_supported` to accept bound objects.
- Use rust-native functions for some of the instance properties.
- Rewrite `instruction` to return parameters as slice.
- `operation_names` returns an `ExactSizeIterator`.
- All rust-native methods that return an `OperationType` object, will return a `NormalOperation` instance which includes the `OperationType` and the parameters.

* Fix: Comments from Matthew's review
- Mention duplication in docstring for rust Target.
- Use f"{*:g}" to avoid printing the floating point for 0 in `Target`'s repr method.
- Add note mentioning future unit-tests in rust.

* Fix: Adapt to Qiskit#12730
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Use BackendV2 for basic aer Rename BasicAer as a test provider
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