[1.23](backport #625) validate installed golang version and honour VERSION build-args

[mergify]

What

• VERSION build-arg is managed through https://github.com/elastic/golang-crossbuild/blob/main/go/Makefile.common#L5
• Add go version assertion so we know if the container image has actually been produced with the correct version. See [Automation] Bump Golang version to 1.24.4 #623 (comment)
• Simplify the updatecli to use VERSION rather than GOLANG_VERSION.

Why

This will help detect breaking changes when a bump PR is partially updated. In addition, it will remove the extra variable and simplify the auto bump considerably.

Issues

Requires #626

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #625 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of 416d57c has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/1.23/pr-625
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/1.23'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 416d57c.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   .github/updatecli.d/bump-go-release-version.sh

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	deleted by us:   .github/updatecli.d/bump-microsoft.yml
	both modified:   go/base-arm/Dockerfile.tmpl
	both modified:   go/base/Dockerfile.tmpl

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[elasticmachine]

💚 Build Succeeded

• Buildkite Build
• Commit: f37437d

History

• 💔 Build #1159 failed 15d0e7f

cc @v1v