WebGPU-based renderer for the editor

[Tyriar]

We're finally starting to look at implementing a WebGPU-based rendering in monaco, similar to what xterm.js uses. This issue is used to track all the work which is expected to take several months.

Project: VS Code Editor GPU Renderer (view)

Related issues

Here are some historical links that might be useful:

• Zero latency typing issue which investigated typing latency in monaco. This lead to some improvements but eventually came to the conclusion that the biggest win would be doing rendering manually using our own shaders Feature Request: Zero-latency Typing #27378
• Old exploration issue Explore GPU rendering in the editor #162445
• Internal issue describing my 2022 prototype which is based on xterm.js' webgl renderer https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-internalbacklog/issues/3157
  • The branch https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/tree/tyriar/webgl_monaco
• Internal issue describing my 2024 prototype which is based on a game renderer I was experimenting with in my spare time https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-internalbacklog/issues/4906
  • The branch https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/tree/tyriar/gpu_exploration

---

Below copied from https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-internalbacklog/issues/4906

GPU-based rendering

branch: tyriar/gpu_exploration

How GPU rendering works

It works by assembling array buffers which represent commands to run on the GPU, these are filled on the CPU with information like the texture to use (chracter, fg, bg), location, offset, etc. xterm.js for example allocates a cols x rows array buffer that represents the viewport only and updates it on every frame where the viewport changes.

There are 2 types of shaders:

• Vertex shader - This is run for every vertex (4 vertices per quad) and is used to transform the vertices into screen space.
• Fragment shader - This is run for every pixel in the quad and is used to determine the color of the pixel.

How the prototype works

The WebGPU prototype works by pre-allocating a buffer that represents up to 3000 lines in a file with a maximum column length of 200. The buffers* are lazily filled in based on what's the viewport. Meaning once a line is loaded, it doesn't need to be modified again. I think it updates more aggressively currently than needed due to my lack of knowledge around finding dirty lines in Monaco.

@vertex fn vs(
	vert: Vertex,
	@builtin(instance_index) instanceIndex: u32,
	@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex : u32
) -> VSOutput {
	let dynamicUnitInfo = dynamicUnitInfoStructs[instanceIndex];
	let spriteInfo = spriteInfo[u32(dynamicUnitInfo.textureIndex)];

	var vsOut: VSOutput;
	// Multiple vert.position by 2,-2 to get it into clipspace which ranged from -1 to 1
	vsOut.position = vec4f(
		(((vert.position * vec2f(2, -2)) / uniforms.canvasDimensions)) * spriteInfo.size + dynamicUnitInfo.position + ((spriteInfo.origin * vec2f(2, -2)) / uniforms.canvasDimensions) + ((scrollOffset.offset * 2) / uniforms.canvasDimensions),
		0.0,
		1.0
	);

	// Textures are flipped from natural direction on the y-axis, so flip it back
	vsOut.texcoord = vert.position;
	vsOut.texcoord = (
		// Sprite offset (0-1)
		(spriteInfo.position / textureInfoUniform.spriteSheetSize) +
		// Sprite coordinate (0-1)
		(vsOut.texcoord * (spriteInfo.size / textureInfoUniform.spriteSheetSize))
	);

	return vsOut;
}

@fragment fn fs(vsOut: VSOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
	return textureSample(ourTexture, ourSampler, vsOut.texcoord);
}

Texture atlas

Glyphs are rendered on the CPU using the browser's canvas 2d context to draw the characters into a texture atlas. The texture atlas can have multiple pages, this is an optimization problem as uploading images is relative expensive. xterm.js creates multiple small texture atlas pages, allocates using a shelf allocator and eventually merged them into larger immutable pages as they're more expensive to upload.

Currently the prototype uses a single large texture atlas page, but it warms it up in idle callbacks for the current font and all theme token colors in the background (using the TaskQueue xterm.js util).

Memory usage

text_data_buffer: [wgslX, wgslY, textureIndex, ...]

texture_atlas_buffer: [positionX, positionY, sizeX, sizeY, offsetX, offsetY, ...]

textureIndex in text_data_buffer maps to texture_atlas_buffer[textureIndex * 6]

In the above, each text_data_buffer cell is 12 bytes (3x 32-bit floats), so 3000x200 would be:

3000 * 200 * 12 = 7.2MB

This is pretty insignificant for a modern GPU.

* Double buffering is used as the GPU locks array buffers until it's done with it.

Scrolling

The prototype currently scrolls extremely smoothly as at most a viewport worth of data is filled but often no viewport data will change. Then we just need to update the scroll offset so the shadow knows which cells to render.

Input

So far, the above is highly optimized for readonly scrolling. For input/file changes there are a few cases we need to target. We essentially want to get these updates to take as little CPU time as possible, even if that means leaving stale and no-longer referenced data in the fixed buffers.

Adding new lines or deleting lines

This could be supported by uploading a map whose job is to map line numbers with the index in the fixed buffer:

That way we only need to update indexes, not the whole line data.

Inserting characters

Simple O(n) solution is to just update the entire line. We could do tricks to make this faster but it might not be worth the effort if line length is fixed.

Fixed buffers and long lines

My plan for how the characters will be send to the GPU is to have 1 or more fixed width buffers (eg. 80, 200?) with maps that point to indexes dynamically as described in the input section and then another more dynamic buffer which supports lines of arbitrary length. This dynamic buffer will be a little less optimized as it's the edge case when coding. The fixed buffers could also be dynamically allocated based on the file to save some memory.

Other things we could do

• Sub-pixel glyphs for smoother flow - eg. render characters at 4x the width and support offsetting the character every 0.25px.
• Proportional font support isn't in xterm.js but it's possible without too much effort, we will need to support this anyway if we want to render widths just like the DOM renderer. The main thing this requires is some way of getting the width of the glyphs and the offset of each character in a line. Again this is an optimization problem of getting and updating this width/offst data as fast as possible.
• I believe SPAA is possible to do on the GPU using grayscale textures.
• Custom glyphs are supported in the terminal which allows pixel perfect box drawing characters for example like ┌───┘. Whether this looks good in monaco is up to the font settings. Letter spacing and line height will always mess with these
• Texture atlas glyphs could be first drawn to a very small page and then packed more efficiently into a longer-term page in an idle callback or worker.
• Texture atlas pages could be cached to disk
• Canvas sharing - To optimize notebooks in particular we could have a shared canvas for all editors and tell the renderer that it owns a certain bounding box

Test results

These were done on terminalInstance.ts. Particularly slow frames of the test are showed.

The tyriar/gpu_exploration tests disabled all dom rendering (lines, sticky scroll, etc.) to get an idea of how fast things could be without needed to perform layouts on each frame. It's safe to assume that rendering other components would be less than or equal to the time of the most complex component (minimap is similar, but could potentially share data as well).

Scroll to top command

M2 Pro Macbook main

M2 Pro Macbook tyriar/gpu_exploration (all dom rendering disabled)

Windows gaming PC main

Windows gaming PC tyriar/gpu_exploration (all dom rendering disabled)

Scrolling with small text on a huge viewport

fontSize 6, zoomLevel -4

M2 Pro Macbook main

M2 Pro Macbook tyriar/gpu_exploration (all dom rendering disabled)

Windows gaming PC main

Windows gaming PC tyriar/gpu_exploration (all dom rendering disabled)

Very long line

Long lines aren't supported in the gpu renderer currently

Shaders run in parallel to microtasks and layout

The sample below from the Windows scroll to top test above demonstrates how the shaders execute in parallel with layout, as opposed to all after layout.

Before:

After:

---

Harfbuzz shaping engine is used by lots of programs including Chromium to determine various things about text rendering. This might be needed for good RTL/ligature/grapheme rendering.

[Tyriar]

Update on my end for last week. WIP branch #225413

General

• Rendering is fixed up when switching editors and resizing canvas
• Correct background color is drawn (instead of black)
  
• Bunch of general clean up and refactors. In particular improving of variable/constant names and simplifying of the main webgpu code
• Set up a GPULifecycle namespace with helpers that return IDisposables
• Sorted out some high level lifecycle/leak issues
• The GlyphRasterizer is now owned by GpuViewLayerRenderer. The idea here is that the texture atlas is shared across all editors, but different editors could have different font sizes so it's owned by the editor so multiple font sizes can be rendered (WIP, sizes aren't tracked in atlas keys yet).

Rasterization

• Bold and italic text is now rendered
  
• Less garbage collection by reusing hot objects

Texture atlas

• Multiple texture atlas pages are now addressable. There is no overflow logic yet, but glyphs are distributed whether they are alphabet chars in order to test multiple pages
• Glyphs are uniquely identified and stored by their metadata instead of just their foreground color
  

  vscode/src/vs/editor/browser/view/gpu/atlas/textureAtlasPage.ts

  Lines 81 to 84 in 3cfe905

  	// Ignore metadata that doesn't affect the glyph
  	metadata ^= (MetadataConsts.LANGUAGEID_MASK | MetadataConsts.TOKEN_TYPE_MASK | MetadataConsts.BALANCED_BRACKETS_MASK);
  	return this._glyphMap.get(chars, metadata) ?? this._createGlyph(rasterizer, chars, metadata);

• Texture atlas debug commands
  
  • Saving texture atlas pages:
    
  • Logging texture atlas page stats:
    
• Some basic unit tests for atlas and allocators
• Only the used portion of the atlas texture is uploaded, speeding up render time when there are new glyphs significantly, especially on initial render (~15ms -> ~2ms)

Explorations

• Explored approach for rendering of view parts, starting with the ruler.
  • I first tried to do multiple passes with a separate shader but it's more complicated than I initially thought and requires juggling some textures. Additionally, order of render passes and having them all run every time would be required for this.
  • I think the right approach here at least for simple view parts is to allow parts to register shapes into some render pass/command encoder object. This would make the ruler component even simpler than the DOM-based one as they would basically just register some fixed rectangles/lines and then refresh it when the setting changes.
• Explored the "scratch page" idea for the texture atlas.
  • This needed more logic in the shader than expected. Uploading only relevant parts of the page texture was a big win that makes this no longer needed.

[faheemstepsharp]

Hope this become default soon.

[Tyriar]

@faheemstepsharp I suspect it's going to be a long road to be the default (6 months, 1 year+?). We did eventually switch the terminal to default to GPU rendering, it'll be really bad if we ship an editor that breaks text rendering though.

[Tyriar]

Update for @hediet and myself for last week. WIP PR #225413

Architecture

We came up with a better approach for where to stick the implementation. GPU parts are now regular "view parts" instead of being more tightly tied to the view.

vscode/src/vs/editor/browser/view.ts

Line 161 in bd21f3c

this._viewLinesGpu = this._instantiationService.createInstance(ViewLinesGpu, this._context, this._viewGpuContext);

A new ViewGpuContext contains all objects needed for managing rendering to the frame (canvas element, GpuContext, command encoder, etc.). This is owned by View and will be injected to every GPU-related view part, similar to ViewContext.

vscode/src/vs/editor/browser/view.ts

Lines 146 to 148 in bd21f3c

	if (this._context.configuration.options.get(EditorOption.experimentalGpuAcceleration) === 'on') {
	this._viewGpuContext = new ViewGpuContext();
	}

❔ The term "context" is becoming a little overloaded (ViewContext, ViewGpuContext, GPUContext). Maybe there's a better name for ViewGpuContext?

Drawing shapes

Built out the ObjectCollectionBuffer data structure which allows creating type-safe objects that get encoded into a Float32Array which will be used to draw shapes via the ViewGpuContext interface. This will allows view parts to easily add, remove and change sections of the Float32Array in a fairly performant way without needing to deal with the actual buffer. Done right I think this should make the implementation of simple view parts like rulers to be even simpler than the DOM-based counterpart.

vscode/src/vs/editor/test/browser/view/gpu/objectCollectionBuffer.test.ts

Lines 42 to 54 in bd21f3c

	const buffer = store.add(createObjectCollectionBuffer([
	{ name: 'a' },
	{ name: 'b' },
	] as const, 5));
	store.add(buffer.createEntry({ a: 1, b: 2 }));
	const entry1 = buffer.createEntry({ a: 3, b: 4 });
	store.add(buffer.createEntry({ a: 5, b: 6 }));
	const entry2 = buffer.createEntry({ a: 7, b: 8 });
	store.add(buffer.createEntry({ a: 9, b: 10 }));
	entry1.dispose();
	entry2.dispose();
	// Data from disposed entries is stale and doesn't need to be validated
	assertUsedData(buffer, [1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10]);

This object isn't hooked up yet, just the data structure and tests are mostly done.

General

• Lots of cleaning up of interfaces, adding jsdoc, etc.
  • Removed chars/tokenFg from the allocator interface, to makes it more clear that all an allocator's job is to take a rasterized glyph, put it into an atlas and track the usage.
• Fixed metadata key to properly remove metadata that doesn't affect the glyph's rendering.
• Fixed "null cells" rendering random characters to the middle of the renderer. This was happening because zeroed out sections of the buffer were all pointing at the first glyph of the first atlas page.
• The canvas is sized to fit .overflow-guard. This is probably the final size and position of the canvas.
  
• Added viewport offset which now renders the characters in approximately the right position (when dpr=1 at least). The top and the bottom lines in this picture show the gpu rendering overlaid on top of the DOM rendering.
  
• Added #regions and organized the webgpu init code a little better.
  
• Added a hidden setting to enable the GPU renderer so we can merge the code with minimal impact on default rendering.

Texture atlas

• Basic page overflow logic is done; when a page is filled it will start adding glyphs to a second page. Only 2 pages are currently supported in the shader though.
• Handle edge cases around glyphs too large for slab or page.
• Reduced search time for glyph's page to O(1) 740ba1c
• More tests!

Debugging

• New draw glyph command that will draw a single glyph.
  
• Consolidated all gpu-related debug command into a single Developer: Debug Editor GPU Renderer command that brings up a picker. This will let us create many debug-related commands without spamming the regular command palette.
  

[vincentdchan]

This may be a silly question but how do you draw glyphs on WebGPU? Are you drawing the glyph map with canvas or render the font manually?

[Tyriar]

@vincentdchan fonts are rasterized to a texture atlas using a 2d canvas context (mostly on CPU), then the texture atlas pages are uploaded and drawn by the shader where each cell is a texture mapped to 2 triangles. So we're leveraging the browser's font rendering stack and can avoid getting into that.

[Tyriar]

Main updates for last week:

• Rulers are now rendered on GPU via the new generic rectangle renderer Implement rectangle renderer and gpu rulers view part #228632
• View cursors (DOM) now work for GPU-rendered lines Get ViewCursors rendering when the line is rendered using GPU #228970
• Only dirty ranges in rectangle renderer are uploaded Track buffer dirty changes and only upload dirty ranges #228843
• Rectangle renderer will automatically expand when capacity is hit Expand object collection buffer when capacity hit #228855

[Tyriar]

I was busy experimenting with the new Copilot API this month, will start back up on this effort in November.

[Tyriar]

Update for the last 2 weeks:

The main goal was to start self-hosting and I've accomplished that as I started using it 100% of the time on Thursday since selection and mouse events are finally working! It's still rough around the edges but it's definitely usable especially starting from the upcoming Insiders release on Monday (EDIT: #233856 and #234103 are pretty annoying in the Monday build).

If you'd like to try it out the setting is currently "editor.experimentalGpuAcceleration": "on", it will fade and say it's unrecognized by design for now as I don't want users accidentally stumbling across it so early on. Note that the performance benefits probably won't show just yet, I expect a big bump in performance when line numbers and bracket pair colorization is handled on the GPU side. Right now any decoration will fallback to DOM, so turning off editor.bracketPairColorization.enabled will likely make most lines render on the GPU (if the codebase is mostly ASCII).

These are the issues currently being tracked: editor-gpu Editor GPU rendering related issues , it might not be worth creating issues just yet as it doesn't take very long to run into issues so a lot of them are obvious and already tracked. Commenting here about any problems if you hit them would probably be best for now. If there is something that is so annoying that it makes you want to turn it off please let me know.

Major changes

• Add an overlay to indicate GPU lines which shows all the time when the setting is on currently (temporary always on) An overlay that indicates GPU-rendered lines #233932
  
• Get DOM-based selections working on GPU lines Get DOM-based selections working on gpu lines #233769, Fix roundedSelection when line rendering is mixed #233923
  
• Get mouse events working on GPU lines Get mouse events working for GPU renderer #229172

Performance

• Add caching to the line data to avoid needing to send so much data to the GPU Cache up to date lines and don't write them unless invalidated #233947
• Only update scroll GPU buffer on the scroll event Only update gpu scroll offset on scroll event #233796

Bug fixes / misc

• Re-render when a bunch of events happen Clear texture atlas when theme changes #232975, Re-render after canvas device pixel dims change #233674, Re-render GPU side when decorations change #233781, Fix contentLeft not being respected after line numbers change #233837, Listen to right event in rectangle renderer #233934
• Log when uploading a 3rd+ texture atlas page to make it obvious why things don't look right Log instead of throw on attmept to upload unsupported page count #232986
• Fix the editor being blank sometimes when an editor is opened Accumulate viewport data and render all when ready #232998
• Fix left boundary tab rendering Editor GPU: Fix left boundary tab rendering #233666
  
• Adjust content after lines are deleted Adjust content after lines are deleted #233680
• Allow falling back to DOM for lines 3000+ (temporary) Fallback to DOM for lines 3000+, move limits to ctx #233696
  
• Clear space and tab cells on enter and don't use the tab offset in the buffer Clear space/tab cells on render, ignore xOffset in cell buffer #233701
• Move WGSL coordinate calculation inside WGSL, meaning less CPU work and lines are more cacheable Calculate WGSL coordinates inside shader #233789
• Fix an issue where glyphs sometimes missed the last row and column of pixels Editor GPU: Fix glyphs sometimes missing the final line/column of pixels and negative zoom breaking the slab mechanism #233918
• Fix an issue where negative zoom would break everything Editor GPU: Fix glyphs sometimes missing the final line/column of pixels and negative zoom breaking the slab mechanism #233918

[Tyriar]

Update for the week:

• Inline decorations which were one of the big unknowns now have partial support and we have a way forward. Currently in main decorations that change color only like bracket pair colorization should work. See Editor GPU: Support inline decorations that change only text color (eg. bracket pair colorization) #234127 for details. This took a lot of my time to prototype and then polish the large PR.
  
• The GPU mark is now inverted, showing for DOM-rendered lines Invert gpuMark, add reasons why it cannot be rendered to title #233995. Hovering it will show the reason(s) why it can't be rendered:
  
  
• The line numbers region is now clipped so we should not be rendering lines underneath it when scrolled to the right Clip line numbers when rendering line content #234123. Also should not show underneath the scroll bar Don't draw canvas under the scroll bar #234125
  
• Fixing up several problems around render data caching Delete lines from cache >=, not > #234104, Clear and commit all render data on view zones changed  #234107, Clear texture atlas on zoom change and rasterizer on config change #234264

[AurevoirXavier]

@Tyriar, thanks for your work and updates! However, I believe most people won’t fully comprehend the intricacies of these works. If you could also provide a rough estimate of the progress (even a very rough one is sufficient), that would be fantastic! We eagerly anticipate the availability of this feature in the vscode-prerelease.

[Tyriar]

@AurevoirXavier it's hard to say exactly, especially if I get pulled away to do other work. Here's a break down of some of the rough milestones/plans which are a good indicator of progress:

• ✅ Get fallback mechanism working - This have been done for some time
• ✅ Personally self-host - This is done as I can deal with any issues that arise. If things do mess up I can always ctrl+tab, ctrl+tab and typically everything should look fine again for the most common problems.
• 🏃 Team self-host (hidden setting)- I want to make sure that the majority of obvious problems are fixed here so I don't want time deduplicating issues I've already got. It should mostly just work at this point. I'm not sure if I'll make it to this next week or not.
• Announce preview in release notes (experimental setting) - This is similar to the above but even more careful about bugs
• Focus on performance - There are definitely some slow parts right now that I've deferred as I'm focusing on functionality currently.
• Bake period before default (preview setting) - To be safe and thinking about how this went for the terminal, this will probably be a preview feature for like a year if I'm being realistic.
• On by default

If I was to guess I'd say the "Team self-host" happens by this testing period and "Announce preview in release notes" happens in the following month I work on it. Note though that December is when we do our house-keeping iteration, so I guess this would probably continue in January release and be announced in the January release (aka. early February).

You can take it for a spin now with "editor.experimentalGpuAcceleration": "on". Since the main promise of this feature is better performance, unfortunately you won't get too much out of it for a while though.

[Tyriar]

Last week was a short one due to holidays in the US. Mostly just fixing some of the bigger self hosting problems.

• Improve rendering to the alphabetical baseline so lines don't jump around when switching between GPU and DOM lines (tested only on devicePixelRatio 1 and 2) Render lines to the alphabetic baseline #234601
• Fix various problems with handling view events Don't clobber other view events with final one #234613, Handle line mapping changed and don't update buffers after decoration change #234618
• Fix mid-line tabs Improve gpu line range and coordinate resolving #234661
• Fix text being wrong size after zooming Recreate GlyphRasterizer on devicePixelRatio change #234698
• Decorations
  • Disable all non-regular inline decorations for now Only support regular inline decorations on GPU for now #234579
  • Fix bracket pair colorization inline decorations not working sometimes Fix decoration support edge case of className being a prefix #234697

[MoonE]

I added the config to enable GPU rendering but all lines that should have been rendered on the GPU disappear.
Is this expected? I'm not sure chromium on linux supports webgpu, but an error message or refusing to enable it would be nice to have.

Edit: I did get this message, but as a user this was rather unhelpful as there is no reason why it is disabled or suggested way to enable it.

Clicking the 'Use DOM-based rendering button results in this error:

Thanks for your work and looking forward to this.

Version: 1.96.0-insider
Commit: 9e67a1d
Date: 2024-12-09T16:08:03.105Z
Electron: 32.2.6
ElectronBuildId: 10629634
Chromium: 128.0.6613.186
Node.js: 20.18.1
V8: 12.8.374.38-electron.0
OS: Linux x64 6.11.0-9-generic (Ubuntu 24.10)

[Tyriar]

I added the config to enable GPU rendering but all lines that should have been rendered on the GPU disappear.

@MoonE you need to reload after doing changing the setting.

Edit: I did get this message, but as a user this was rather unhelpful as there is no reason why it is disabled or suggested way to enable it.

We don't know the reason, this shows when the symbols are available (ie. it's supported by the engine), but Electron/Chromium doesn't have webgpu enabled. You can check GPU status via code --status or Help > Report Issue and showing system information:

No more insight into the problem unfortunately, but it's likely related to Linux, especially if you're in a VM.

Clicking the 'Use DOM-based rendering button results in this error:

Will fix this with #235730

[MoonE]

you need to reload after doing changing the setting.

I did, the text disappears after that.

but it's likely related to Linux, especially if you're in a VM.

Not in a VM, so it probably is a Linux issue, seems like my hardware is on a chromium blocklist.

Developer: Show GPU Info shows this:

WebGPU has been disabled via blocklist or the command line

GPU config	value
2d_canvas	enabled
canvas_oop_rasterization	enabled_on
direct_rendering_display_compositor	disabled_off_ok
gpu_compositing	enabled
multiple_raster_threads	enabled_on
opengl	enabled_on
rasterization	enabled
raw_draw	disabled_off_ok
skia_graphite	disabled_off
video_decode	enabled
video_encode	disabled_software
vulkan	disabled_off
webgl	enabled
webgl2	enabled
webgpu	disabled_off
webnn	disabled_off

Thanks for taking your time to respond.

[KaeLL]

Same as MoonE :/

[Tyriar]

@KaeLL the info in that screenshot is handy, how did you get it?

[KaeLL]

Same as MoonE
Ctrl + Shift + P -> Developer: Show GPU Info

I'm on Fedora 41 with a Nvidia GPU, which I guess it's to be expected?! :/

[Tyriar]

@KaeLL well that's handy 😅

[KaeLL]

You can forcibly enable it by launching code with --enable-features=Vulkan --enable-unsafe-webgpu Chromium options.

Process Argv:     --enable-features=Vulkan --enable-unsafe-webgpu --crash-reporter-id 97fdaa1d-a108-4830-98a6-1d9208b3ecca
GPU Status:       2d_canvas:                              enabled
                  canvas_oop_rasterization:               enabled_on
                  direct_rendering_display_compositor:    disabled_off_ok
                  gpu_compositing:                        enabled
                  multiple_raster_threads:                enabled_on
                  opengl:                                 enabled_on
                  rasterization:                          enabled
                  raw_draw:                               disabled_off_ok
                  skia_graphite:                          disabled_off
                  video_decode:                           enabled
                  video_encode:                           disabled_software
                  vulkan:                                 enabled_on
                  webgl:                                  enabled
                  webgl2:                                 enabled
                  webgpu:                                 enabled
                  webnn:                                  disabled_off

I tested that on Chrome 131.0.6778.139 and it explicitly complains after every launch

which, if it serves as a reference to the likely older version of Chromium bundled with Electron, I guess it should be taken more seriously?!